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Accentuated by climate change, catastrophic wildfires are a growing, distributed global public health risk from inhalation of smoke and dust. Underrecognized, however, are the health threats arising from fire-altered toxic metals natural to soils and plants. Here, we demonstrate that high temperatures during California wildfires catalyzed widespread transformation of chromium to its carcinogenic form in soil and ash, as hexavalent chromium, particularly in areas with metal-rich geologies (e.g., serpentinite). In wildfire ash, we observed dangerous levels (327-13,100 µg kg-1) of reactive hexavalent chromium in wind-dispersible particulates. Relatively dry post-fire weather contributed to the persistence of elevated hexavalent chromium in surficial soil layers for up to ten months post-fire. The geographic distribution of metal-rich soils and fire incidents illustrate the broad global threat of wildfire smoke- and dust-born metals to populations. Our findings provide new insights into why wildfire smoke exposure appears to be more hazardous to humans than pollution from other sources.
Pubmed ID: 38086795 RIS Download
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Athena is a web-based application that warehouses disparate datatypes related to the control of gene expression. Athena provides several features to enable exploration of the regulatory mechanisms of Arabidopsis gene control. The first main tool we provide is visualization of promoter domains of selected genes. Database crossreference for these transcription factors is provided as well as a statistical test for enrichment of binding activity within the set of selected promoters. The data mining tools in Athena allow for selection of sets of genes based on two different factors. -Genes can be select by specifying a set of binding factors whose putative sites must be present within all of those genes'' promoter regions. -Alternatively, genes can be selected using Gene Ontology annotations. Both GO (Gene Ontology) Slim terms and Gene Ontology terms are available. One can select a set of genes by either choosing a union of the genes annotated by a selected set of Slim terms or Gene Ontology terms. The selected gene''s putative binding factors are listed, including enrichment data. Furthermore, enriched presence of Gene Ontology terms is given. The analysis suite provides both enhanced data mining tools for selecting genes as well as several data displays.
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