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Detection of multiple mycetoma pathogens using fungal metabarcoding analysis of soil DNA in an endemic area of Sudan.

PLoS neglected tropical diseases | 2022

Mycetoma is a tropical disease caused by several fungi and bacteria present in the soil. Fungal mycetoma and eumycetoma are especially challenging to treat; therefore, prevention, early diagnosis, and early treatment are important, but it is also necessary to understand the geographic distribution of these pathogenic fungi. In this study, we used DNA metabarcoding methodology to identify fungal species from soil samples. Soil sampling was implemented at seven villages in an endemic area of Sennar State in Sudan in 2019, and ten sampling sites were selected in each village according to land-use conditions. In total, 70 soil samples were collected from ground surfaces, and DNA in the soil was extracted with a combined method of alkaline DNA extraction and a commercial soil DNA extraction kit. The region for universal primers was selected to be the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer one region for metabarcoding. After the second PCR for DNA library preparation, the amplicon-based DNA analysis was performed using next-generation sequencing with two sets of universal primers. A total of twelve mycetoma-causative fungal species were identified, including the prime agent, Madurella mycetomatis, and additional pathogens, Falciformispora senegalensis and Falciformispora tompkinsii, in 53 soil samples. This study demonstrated that soil DNA metabarcoding can elucidate the presence of multiple mycetoma-causative fungi, which may contribute to accurate diagnosis for patient treatment and geographical mapping.

Pubmed ID: 35275915 RIS Download

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BLASTN (tool)

RRID:SCR_001598

Web application to search nucleotide databases using a nucleotide query. Algorithms: blastn, megablast, discontiguous megablast.

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GenBank (tool)

RRID:SCR_002760

NIH genetic sequence database that provides annotated collection of all publicly available DNA sequences for almost 280 000 formally described species (Jan 2014) .These sequences are obtained primarily through submissions from individual laboratories and batch submissions from large-scale sequencing projects, including whole-genome shotgun (WGS) and environmental sampling projects. Most submissions are made using web-based BankIt or standalone Sequin programs, and GenBank staff assigns accession numbers upon data receipt. It is part of International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration and daily data exchange with European Nucleotide Archive (ENA) and DNA Data Bank of Japan (DDBJ) ensures worldwide coverage. GenBank is accessible through NCBI Entrez retrieval system, which integrates data from major DNA and protein sequence databases along with taxonomy, genome, mapping, protein structure and domain information, and biomedical journal literature via PubMed. BLAST provides sequence similarity searches of GenBank and other sequence databases. Complete bimonthly releases and daily updates of GenBank database are available by FTP.

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UNITE (tool)

RRID:SCR_006518

A fungal rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence database (although additional genes and genetic markers are also welcome) to facilitate identification of environmental samples of fungal DNA. Additional important features include user annotation of INSD sequences to add metadata on, e.g., locality, habitat, soil, climate, and interacting taxa. The user can furthermore annotate INSD sequences with additional species identifications that will appear in the results of any analyses done. UNITE focuses on high-quality ITS sequences generated from fruiting bodies collected and identified by experts and deposited in public herbaria. In addition, it also holds all fungal ITS sequences in the International Nucleotide Sequence Databases (INSD: NCBI, EMBL, DDBJ). Both sets of sequences may be used in any analyses carried out. UNITE is accompanied by a project management system called PlutoF, where users can store field data, document the sequencing lab procedures, manage sequences, and make analyses. PlutoF intends to make it possible for taxonomists, ecologists, and biogeographers to use a common platform for data storage, handling, and analyses, with the intent of facilitating an integration of these disciplines. A user can have an unlimited number of projects but still make analyses across any project data available to him.

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RRID:SCR_008452

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RRID:SCR_008539

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RRID:SCR_011812

Multiple sequence alignment method with reduced time and space complexity.Multiple sequence alignment with high accuracy and high throughput. Data analysis service for multiple sequence comparison by log- expectation.

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