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Application of Deep Learning Models for Automated Identification of Parkinson's Disease: A Review (2011-2021).

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) | 2021

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder affecting over 6 million people globally. Although there are symptomatic treatments that can increase the survivability of the disease, there are no curative treatments. The prevalence of PD and disability-adjusted life years continue to increase steadily, leading to a growing burden on patients, their families, society and the economy. Dopaminergic medications can significantly slow down the progression of PD when applied during the early stages. However, these treatments often become less effective with the disease progression. Early diagnosis of PD is crucial for immediate interventions so that the patients can remain self-sufficient for the longest period of time possible. Unfortunately, diagnoses are often late, due to factors such as a global shortage of neurologists skilled in early PD diagnosis. Computer-aided diagnostic (CAD) tools, based on artificial intelligence methods, that can perform automated diagnosis of PD, are gaining attention from healthcare services. In this review, we have identified 63 studies published between January 2011 and July 2021, that proposed deep learning models for an automated diagnosis of PD, using various types of modalities like brain analysis (SPECT, PET, MRI and EEG), and motion symptoms (gait, handwriting, speech and EMG). From these studies, we identify the best performing deep learning model reported for each modality and highlight the current limitations that are hindering the adoption of such CAD tools in healthcare. Finally, we propose new directions to further the studies on deep learning in the automated detection of PD, in the hopes of improving the utility, applicability and impact of such tools to improve early detection of PD globally.

Pubmed ID: 34770340 RIS Download

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PubMed (tool)

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Public bibliographic database that provides access to citations for biomedical literature from MEDLINE, life science journals, and online books. Citations may include links to full-text content from PubMed Central and publisher web sites. PubMed citations and abstracts include fields of biomedicine and health, covering portions of life sciences, behavioral sciences, chemical sciences, and bioengineering. Provides access to additional relevant web sites and links to other NCBI molecular biology resources. Publishers of journals can submit their citations to NCBI and then provide access to full-text of articles at journal web sites using LinkOut.

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Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative (tool)

RRID:SCR_006431

An observational longitudinal clinical study partnership to identify and validate biomarkers of Parkinson disease (PD) progression and provide easy and open web-based access to the comprehensive set of correlated clinical data and biospecimens, information, and biosamples acquired from PD and age and gender matched healthy control subjects to the research community. The data and specimens have been collected in a standardized manner under strict protocols and includes clinical (demographic, motor and non-motor, cognitive and neurobehavioral), imaging (raw and processed MRI, SPECT and DAT), and blood chemistry and hematology subject assessments and biospecimen inventories (serum, plasma, whole blood, CSF, DNA, RNA and urine). All data are de-identified to protect patient privacy. PPMI will be carried out over five years at 21 clinical sites in the United States and Europe and requires the participation of 400 Parkinson's patients and 200 control participants. The PPMI database provides researchers with access to correlated clinical and imaging data, along with annotated biospecimens, all available within an open access system that encourages data sharing (http://www.ppmi-info.org/access-data-specimens/). The website hosts an Ongoing Analysis section to keep the scientific community apprised of analyses being completed, in hopes of stimulating collaborations between researchers who are using PPMI data and specimens.

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IEEE (tool)

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IEEE is the worlds largest professional association advancing innovation and technological excellence for the benefit of humanity. IEEE and its members inspire a global community to innovate for a better tomorrow through its highly cited publications, conferences, technology standards, and professional and educational activities. IEEE is the trusted voice for engineering, computing and technology information around the globe. Through its global membership, IEEE is a leading authority on areas ranging from aerospace systems, computers and telecommunications to biomedical engineering, electric power and consumer electronics among others. Members rely on IEEE as a source of technical and professional information, resources and services. To foster an interest in the engineering profession, IEEE also serves student members in colleges and universities around the world. Other important constituencies include prospective members and organizations that purchase IEEE products and participate in conferences or other IEEE programs. IEEE has: -more than 375,000 members in more than 160 countries; 45 percent of whom are from outside the United States -more than 80,000 student members -329 sections in ten geographic regions worldwide -1,860 chapters that unite local members with similar technical interests -1,789 student branches in 80 countries -483 student branch chapters at colleges and universities -390 affinity groups -- IEEE Affinity Groups are non-technical sub-units of one or more Sections or a Council. The Affinity Group patent entities are Consultants'' Network, Graduates of the Last Decade (GOLD), Women in Engineering (WIE) and Life Members (LM) IEEE''s core purpose is to foster technological innovation and excellence for the benefit of humanity. It will be essential to the global technical community and to technical professionals everywhere, and be universally recognized for the contributions of technology and of technical professionals in improving global conditions.

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Google Scholar (tool)

RRID:SCR_008878

Google Scholar provides a simple way to broadly search for scholarly literature. From one place, you can search across many disciplines and sources: articles, theses, books, abstracts and court opinions, from academic publishers, professional societies, online repositories, universities and other web sites. Google Scholar helps you find relevant work across the world of scholarly research. Features of Google Scholar * Search diverse sources from one convenient place * Find articles, theses, books, abstracts or court opinions * Locate the complete document through your library or on the web * Learn about key scholarly literature in any area of research How are documents ranked? Google Scholar aims to rank documents the way researchers do, weighing the full text of each document, where it was published, who it was written by, as well as how often and how recently it has been cited in other scholarly literature. * Publishers - Include your publications in Google Scholar * Librarians - Help patrons discover your library''s resources

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