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Discrimination between predictive and non-predictive threat stimuli decreases as threat intensity increases. The central mechanisms that mediate the transition from discriminatory to generalized threat responding remain poorly resolved. Here, we identify the stress- and dysphoria-associated kappa opioid receptor (KOR) and its ligand dynorphin (Dyn), acting in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), as a key substrate for regulating threat generalization. We identify several dynorphinergic inputs to the VTA and demonstrate that projections from the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) and dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) both contribute to anxiety-like behavior but differentially affect threat generalization. These data demonstrate that conditioned threat discrimination has an inverted "U" relationship with threat intensity and establish a role for KOR/Dyn signaling in the midbrain for promoting threat generalization.
Pubmed ID: 34388372 RIS Download
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Portal to interactively visualize genomic data. Provides reference sequences and working draft assemblies for collection of genomes and access to ENCODE and Neanderthal projects. Includes collection of vertebrate and model organism assemblies and annotations, along with suite of tools for viewing, analyzing and downloading data.
View all literature mentionsInternational database for laboratory mouse. Data offered by The Jackson Laboratory includes information on integrated genetic, genomic, and biological data. MGI creates and maintains integrated representation of mouse genetic, genomic, expression, and phenotype data and develops reference data set and consensus data views, synthesizes comparative genomic data between mouse and other mammals, maintains set of links and collaborations with other bioinformatics resources, develops and supports analysis and data submission tools, and provides technical support for database users. Projects contributing to this resource are: Mouse Genome Database (MGD) Project, Gene Expression Database (GXD) Project, Mouse Tumor Biology (MTB) Database Project, Gene Ontology (GO) Project at MGI, and MouseCyc Project at MGI.
View all literature mentionsMolecular biology software for visualizing and documenting gene constructs for InFusion cloning, Gibson assembly, restriction cloning, PCR, and mutagenesis.
View all literature mentionsWeb application that helps design, evaluate and clone guide sequences for the CRISPR/Cas9 system. This sgRNA design tool assists with guide selection in a variety of genomes and pre-calculated results for all human coding exons as a UCSC Genome Browser track.
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal targets DsRed
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal targets GFP
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets TH
View all literature mentionsMus musculus with name B6;129S6-Gt(ROSA)26Sortm14(CAG-tdTomato)Hze/J from IMSR.
View all literature mentionsMus musculus with name B6.SJL-Slc6a3tm1.1(cre)Bkmn/J from IMSR.
View all literature mentionsCell line HEK293T/17 is a Transformed cell line with a species of origin Homo sapiens (Human)
View all literature mentionsThe SciCrunch Infrastructure was developed as a cooperative data platform to be used by diverse communities in making data more FAIR.
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