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COVID-19, the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, has been declared as a global pandemic. Traditional medicinal plants have long history to treat viral infections. Our in silico approach suggested that unique phytocompounds such as emodin, thymol and carvacrol, and artemisinin could physically bind SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoproteins (6VXX and 6VYB), SARS-CoV-2 B.1.351 South Africa variant of Spike glycoprotein (7NXA), and even with ACE2 and prevent the SARS-CoV-2 binding to the host ACE2, TMPRSS2 and neutrapilin-1 receptors. Since Chloroquine has been looked as potential therapy against COVID-19, we also compared the binding of chloroquine and artemisinin for its interaction with spike proteins (6VXX, 6VYB) and its variant 7NXA, respectively. Molecular docking study of phytocompounds and SARS-CoV-2 spike protein was performed by using AutoDock/Vina software. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation was performed for 50ns. Among all the phytocompounds, molecular docking studies revealed lowest binding energy of artemisinin with 6VXX and 6VYB, with Etotal -10.5 KJ mol-1 and -10.3 KJ mol-1 respectively. Emodin showed the best binding affinity with 6VYB with Etotal -8.8 KJ mol-1and SARS-CoV-2 B.1.351 variant (7NXA) with binding energy of -6.4KJ mol-1. Emodin showed best interactions with TMPRSS 2 and ACE2 with Etotal of -7.1 and -7.3 KJ mol-1 respectively, whereas artemisinin interacts with TMPRSS 2 and ACE2 with Etotal of -6.9 and -7.4 KJ mol-1 respectively. All the phytocompounds were non-toxic and non-carcinogenic. MD simulation showed that artemisinin has more stable interaction with 6VYB as compared to 6VXX, and hence proposed as potential phytochemical to prevent SARS-CoV-2 interaction with ACE-2 receptor.
Pubmed ID: 34306988 RIS Download
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Collection of information about chemical structures and biological properties of small molecules and siRNA reagents hosted by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).
View all literature mentionsPictorial database of an at-a-glance overview of the contents of each 3D structure deposited in the Protein Data Bank (PDB). It shows the molecule(s) that make up the structure (ie protein chains, DNA, ligands and metal ions) and schematic diagrams of their interactions. Extensive use is made of the freely available RasMol molecular graphics program to view the molecules and their interactions in 3D. Entries are accessed either by their 4-character PDB code, or by one of the two search boxes provided on the PDBsum home page: text search or sequence search. The information given on each PDBsum entry is spread across several pages, as listed below and accessible from the tabs at the top of the page. Only the relevant tabs will be present on any given page. * Top page - summary information including thumbnail image of structure, molecules in structure, enzyme reaction diagram (where relevant), GO functional assignments, and selected figures from key reference * Protein - wiring diagram, topology diagram(s) by CATH domain, and residue conservation (where available) * DNA/RNA - DNA/RNA sequence and NUCPLOT showing interactions made with protein * Ligands - description of bound molecule and LIGPLOT showing interactions made with protein * Prot-prot - schematic diagrams of any protein-protein interfaces and the residue-residue interactions made across them * Clefts - listing of top ten clefts in the surface of the protein, listed by volume with any bound ligands shown * Links - links to external databases Additionally, it accepts users'''' own PDB format files and generates a private set of analyses for each uploaded structure.
View all literature mentionsSoftware suite of automated docking tools. Designed to predict how small molecules, such as substrates or drug candidates, bind to receptor of known 3D structure. AutoDock consist of AutoDock 4 and AutoDock Vina. AutoDock 4 consists of autodock to perform docking of ligand to set of grids describing target protein, and autogrid to pre calculate these grids.
View all literature mentionsSoftware designed to perform high-speed molecular dynamic simulations of biological systems on conventional commodity clusters, supercomputers and GPUs. This code uses novel parallel algorithms and numerical techniques to achieve high performance and accuracy on platforms with a large number of processors. It can be used with a single computer.
View all literature mentionsBroad range of cheminformatics software tools supporting molecule manipulation and processing, including SMILES and SDfile conversion, normalization of molecules, generation of tautomers, molecule fragmentation, calculation of various molecular properties needed in QSAR, molecular modelling and drug design, high quality molecule depiction, molecular database tools supporting substructure and similarity searches. Molinspiration tools are platform independent and may be run on any PC, Mac, UNIX or LINUX machine. Software is distributed in form of engines, which may be used as stand-alone computational engines, used to power web-based tools, or incorporated into larger in-house Java applications.
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