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Microtubules (MTs) are regulated by a number of known posttranslational modifications (PTMs) on α/β-tubulin to fulfill diverse cellular functions. Here, we showed that SUMOylation is a novel PTM on α-tubulin in vivo and in vitro. The SUMOylation on α-tubulin mainly occurred at Lys 96 (K96), K166, and K304 of soluble α-tubulin and could be removed by small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO)-specific peptidase 1. In vitro experiments showed that tubulin SUMOylation could reduce interprotofilament interaction, promote MT catastrophe, and impede MT polymerization. In cells, mutation of the SUMOylation sites on α-tubulin reduced catastrophe frequency and increased the proportion of polymerized α-tubulin, while upregulation of SUMOylation with fusion of SUMO1 reduced α-tubulin assembly into MTs. Additionally, overexpression of SUMOylation-deficient α-tubulin attenuated the neurite extension in Neuro-2a cells. Thus, SUMOylation on α-tubulin represents a new player in the regulation of MT properties.
Pubmed ID: 33394042 RIS Download
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A freely accessible on-line systems biology resource devoted to all aspects of protein modification, as well as other post-translational modifications. It provides valuable and unique tools for both cell biologists and mass spectroscopists. PhosphoSite is a human- and mouse-centric database. It includes features such as: viewing the locations of modified residues on molecular models; browsing and searching MS2 records by disease, tissue, and cell line; submitting lists of peptides to identify previously reported genes; searching by sub-cellular localization, treatment, tissues, cell types, cell lines and diseases, and protein types and protein domains; searching for experimentally-verified kinase substrates and viewing preferred substrate motifs; and viewing MS2 spectra for peptides and sites not previously published.
View all literature mentionsTHIS RESOURCE IS NO LONGER IN SERVICE. Documented on May 5,2022.Tool that predicts interactions between transcription factors and their regulated genes from binding motifs. Understanding vertebrate development requires unraveling the cis-regulatory architecture of gene regulation. PRISM provides accurate genome-wide computational predictions of transcription factor binding sites for the human and mouse genomes, and integrates the predictions with GREAT to provide functional biological context. Together, accurate computational binding site prediction and GREAT produce for each transcription factor: 1. putative binding sites, 2. putative target genes, 3. putative biological roles of the transcription factor, and 4. putative cis-regulatory elements through which the factor regulates each target in each functional role.
View all literature mentionsCell line HEK293 is a Transformed cell line with a species of origin Homo sapiens (Human)
View all literature mentionsCell line CHO-K1 is a Spontaneously immortalized cell line with a species of origin Cricetulus griseus (Chinese hamster)
View all literature mentionsCell line Neuro-2a is a Cancer cell line with a species of origin Mus musculus
View all literature mentionsCell line HEK293T is a Transformed cell line with a species of origin Homo sapiens (Human)
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