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Functional Genomics Identify a Regulatory Risk Variation rs4420550 in the 16p11.2 Schizophrenia-Associated Locus.

Biological psychiatry | 2021

Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have reported hundreds of genomic loci associated with schizophrenia, yet identifying the functional risk variations is a key step in elucidating the underlying mechanisms.

Pubmed ID: 33246552 RIS Download

Research resources used in this publication

None found

Antibodies used in this publication

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Associated grants

  • Agency: NIMH NIH HHS, United States
    Id: U01 MH103340
  • Agency: NIMH NIH HHS, United States
    Id: R21 MH109956
  • Agency: NIMH NIH HHS, United States
    Id: R01 MH117291
  • Agency: NIMH NIH HHS, United States
    Id: R01 MH117292
  • Agency: NIMH NIH HHS, United States
    Id: R01 MH110926
  • Agency: NIMH NIH HHS, United States
    Id: U01 MH116492
  • Agency: NIMH NIH HHS, United States
    Id: R21 MH103877
  • Agency: NIMH NIH HHS, United States
    Id: R01 MH110927
  • Agency: NIMH NIH HHS, United States
    Id: U01 MH103365
  • Agency: NIMH NIH HHS, United States
    Id: R01 MH093725
  • Agency: NIMH NIH HHS, United States
    Id: R01 MH111721
  • Agency: NIMH NIH HHS, United States
    Id: P50 MH096891
  • Agency: NIMH NIH HHS, United States
    Id: R37 MH057881
  • Agency: NIMH NIH HHS, United States
    Id: P50 MH066392
  • Agency: NHLBI NIH HHS, United States
    Id: R01 HL114899
  • Agency: NIMH NIH HHS, United States
    Id: R01 MH105898
  • Agency: NIMH NIH HHS, United States
    Id: P50 MH106934
  • Agency: NIMH NIH HHS, United States
    Id: U01 MH116488
  • Agency: NIMH NIH HHS, United States
    Id: U01 MH116489
  • Agency: NIMH NIH HHS, United States
    Id: R01 MH110905
  • Agency: NIMH NIH HHS, United States
    Id: R01 MH110920
  • Agency: NIMH NIH HHS, United States
    Id: R01 MH117293
  • Agency: NIMH NIH HHS, United States
    Id: R01 MH085542
  • Agency: NIMH NIH HHS, United States
    Id: R01 MH110921
  • Agency: NIMH NIH HHS, United States
    Id: U01 MH116438
  • Agency: NIMH NIH HHS, United States
    Id: R01 MH075916
  • Agency: NIMH NIH HHS, United States
    Id: R01 MH097276
  • Agency: NIMH NIH HHS, United States
    Id: U01 MH103392
  • Agency: NIMH NIH HHS, United States
    Id: U01 MH103339
  • Agency: NIMH NIH HHS, United States
    Id: R01 MH109677
  • Agency: NIMH NIH HHS, United States
    Id: R01 MH094714
  • Agency: NIMH NIH HHS, United States
    Id: R21 MH102791
  • Agency: NIMH NIH HHS, United States
    Id: R21 MH105853
  • Agency: NIDA NIH HHS, United States
    Id: HHSN271201300031C
  • Agency: NIMH NIH HHS, United States
    Id: U01 MH116441
  • Agency: NIMH NIH HHS, United States
    Id: R01 MH109715
  • Agency: NIMH NIH HHS, United States
    Id: R21 MH105881
  • Agency: NIMH NIH HHS, United States
    Id: U01 MH116442
  • Agency: NHLBI NIH HHS, United States
    Id: R01 HL114901
  • Agency: NIMH NIH HHS, United States
    Id: U01 MH116487
  • Agency: NIMH NIH HHS, United States
    Id: U01 MH103346

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This is a list of tools and resources that we have found mentioned in this publication.


Haploview (tool)

RRID:SCR_003076

A Java based software tool designed to simplify and expedite the process of haplotype analysis by providing a common interface to several tasks relating to such analyses. Haploview currently allows users to examine block structures, generate haplotypes in these blocks, run association tests, and save the data in a number of formats. All functionalities are highly customizable. (entry from Genetic Analysis Software) * LD & haplotype block analysis * haplotype population frequency estimation * single SNP and haplotype association tests * permutation testing for association significance * implementation of Paul de Bakker's Tagger tag SNP selection algorithm. * automatic download of phased genotype data from HapMap * visualization and plotting of PLINK whole genome association results including advanced filtering options Haploview is fully compatible with data dumps from the HapMap project and the Perlegen Genotype Browser. It can analyze thousands of SNPs (tens of thousands in command line mode) in thousands of individuals. Note: Haploview is currently on a development and support freeze. The team is currently looking at a variety of options in order to provide support for the software. Haploview is an open source project hosted by SourceForge. The source can be downloaded at the SourceForge project site.

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HaploReg (tool)

RRID:SCR_006796

HaploReg is a tool for exploring annotations of the noncoding genome at variants on haplotype blocks, such as candidate regulatory SNPs at disease-associated loci. Using linkage disequilibrium (LD) information from the 1000 Genomes Project, linked SNPs and small indels can be visualized along with their predicted chromatin state in nine cell types, conservation across mammals, and their effect on regulatory motifs. HaploReg is designed for researchers developing mechanistic hypotheses of the impact of non-coding variants on clinical phenotypes and normal variation.

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1000 Genomes Project and AWS (tool)

RRID:SCR_008801

A dataset containing the full genomic sequence of 1,700 individuals, freely available for research use. The 1000 Genomes Project is an international research effort coordinated by a consortium of 75 companies and organizations to establish the most detailed catalogue of human genetic variation. The project has grown to 200 terabytes of genomic data including DNA sequenced from more than 1,700 individuals that researchers can now access on AWS for use in disease research free of charge. The dataset containing the full genomic sequence of 1,700 individuals is now available to all via Amazon S3. The data can be found at: http://s3.amazonaws.com/1000genomes The 1000 Genomes Project aims to include the genomes of more than 2,662 individuals from 26 populations around the world, and the NIH will continue to add the remaining genome samples to the data collection this year. Public Data Sets on AWS provide a centralized repository of public data hosted on Amazon Simple Storage Service (Amazon S3). The data can be seamlessly accessed from AWS services such Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) and Amazon Elastic MapReduce (Amazon EMR), which provide organizations with the highly scalable compute resources needed to take advantage of these large data collections. AWS is storing the public data sets at no charge to the community. Researchers pay only for the additional AWS resources they need for further processing or analysis of the data. All 200 TB of the latest 1000 Genomes Project data is available in a publicly available Amazon S3 bucket. You can access the data via simple HTTP requests, or take advantage of the AWS SDKs in languages such as Ruby, Java, Python, .NET and PHP. Researchers can use the Amazon EC2 utility computing service to dive into this data without the usual capital investment required to work with data at this scale. AWS also provides a number of orchestration and automation services to help teams make their research available to others to remix and reuse. Making the data available via a bucket in Amazon S3 also means that customers can crunch the information using Hadoop via Amazon Elastic MapReduce, and take advantage of the growing collection of tools for running bioinformatics job flows, such as CloudBurst and Crossbow.

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RegulomeDB (tool)

RRID:SCR_017905

Database that annotates SNPs with known and predicted regulatory elements in intergenic regions of H. sapiens genome. Known and predicted regulatory DNA elements include regions of DNAase hypersensitivity, binding sites of transcription factors, and promoter regions that have been biochemically characterized to regulation transcription. Source of these data include public datasets from GEO, ENCODE project, and published literature.

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HEK293T (tool)

RRID:CVCL_0063

Cell line HEK293T is a Transformed cell line with a species of origin Homo sapiens (Human)

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SK-N-SH (tool)

RRID:CVCL_0531

Cell line SK-N-SH is a Cancer cell line with a species of origin Homo sapiens (Human)

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HEK293 (tool)

RRID:CVCL_0045

Cell line HEK293 is a Transformed cell line with a species of origin Homo sapiens (Human)

View all literature mentions