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In addition to proteins and/or oils, mature seeds of most legume crops contain important carbohydrate components, including starches and sugars. Starch is also an essential nutritional component of human and animal diets and has various food and non-food industrial applications. Starch is a primary insoluble polymeric carbohydrate produced by higher plants and consists of amylose and amylopectin as a major fraction. Legume seeds are an affordable source of not only protein but also the starch, which has an advantage of being resistant starch compared with cereal, root, and tuber starch. For these reasons, legume seeds form a good source of resistant starch-rich healthy food with a high protein content and can be utilized in various food applications. The genetics and molecular details of starch and other carbohydrate components are well studied in cereal crops but have received little attention in legumes. In order to improve legume starch content, quality, and quantity, it is necessary to understand the genetic and molecular factors regulating carbohydrate metabolism in legume crops. In this review, we assessed the current literature reporting the genetic and molecular basis of legume carbohydrate components, primarily focused on seed starch content. We provided an overview of starch biosynthesis in the heterotrophic organs, the chemical composition of major consumable legumes, the factors influencing starch digestibility, and advances in the genetic, transcriptomic, and metabolomic studies in important legume crops. Further, we discussed breeding and biotechnological approaches for the improvement of the starch composition in major legume crops. The information reviewed in this study will be helpful in facilitating the food and non-food applications of legume starch and provide economic benefits to farmers and industries.
Pubmed ID: 31736985 RIS Download
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LegumeIP is an integrative database and bioinformatics platform for comparative genomics and transcriptomics to facilitate the study of gene function and genome evolution in legumes, and ultimately to generate molecular based breeding tools to improve quality of crop legumes. LegumeIP currently hosts large-scale genomics and transcriptomics data, including: * Genomic sequences of three model legumes, i.e. Medicago truncatula, Glycine max (soybean) and Lotus japonicus, including two reference plant species, Arabidopsis thaliana and Poplar trichocarpa, with the annotation based on UniProt TrEMBL, InterProScan, Gene Ontology and KEGG databases. LegumeIP covers a total 222,217 protein-coding gene sequences. * Large-scale gene expression data compiled from 104 array hybridizations from L. japonicas, 156 array hybridizations from M. truncatula gene atlas database, and 14 RNA-Seq-based gene expression profiles from G. max on different tissues including four common tissues: Nodule, Flower, Root and Leaf. * Systematic synteny analysis among M. truncatula, G. max, L. japonicus and A. thaliana. * Reconstruction of gene family and gene family-wide phylogenetic analysis across the five hosted species. LegumeIP features comprehensive search and visualization tools to enable the flexible query on gene annotation, gene family, synteny, relative abundance of gene expression.
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