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Essential tremor (ET) is one of the most common neurological diseases, with a central feature of an 8-12 Hz kinetic tremor. While previous postmortem studies have identified a cluster of morphological changes in the ET cerebellum centered in/around the Purkinje cell (PC) population, including a loss of PCs in some studies, the underlying molecular mechanisms for these changes are not clear. As genomic studies of ET patients have yet to identify major genetic contributors and animal models that fully recapitulate the human disease do not yet exist, the study of human tissue is currently the most applicable method to gain a mechanistic insight into ET disease pathogenesis. To begin exploration of an underlying molecular source of ET disease pathogenesis, we have performed the first transcriptomic analysis by direct sequencing of RNA from frozen cerebellar cortex tissue in 33 ET patients compared to 21 normal controls. Principal component analysis showed a heterogenous distribution of the expression data in ET patients that only partially overlapped with control patients. Differential expression analysis identified 231 differentially expressed gene transcripts ('top gene hits'), a subset of which has defined expression profiles in the cerebellum across neuronal and glial cell types but a largely unknown relationship to cerebellar function and/or ET pathogenesis. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) identified dysregulated pathways of interest and stratified dysregulation among ET cases. By GSEA and mining curated databases, we compiled major categories of dysregulated processes and clustered string networks of known interacting proteins. Here we demonstrate that these 'top gene hits' contribute to regulation of four main biological processes, which are 1) axon guidance, 2) microtubule motor activity, 3) endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to Golgi transport and 4) calcium signaling/synaptic transmission. The results of our transcriptomic analysis suggest there is a range of different processes involved among ET cases, and draws attention to a particular set of genes and regulatory pathways that provide an initial platform to further explore the underlying biology of ET.
Pubmed ID: 31707044 RIS Download
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THIS RESOURCE IS NO LONGER IN SERVICE. Documented on January 4, 2023.Consortium that developed brief, standardized and reliable procedures for the evaluation and diagnosis of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other dementias of the elderly. These procedures included data forms, flipbooks, guidebooks, brochures, instruction manuals and demonstration tapes, which are now available for purchase. The CERAD assessment material can be used for research purposes as well as for patient care. CERAD has developed several basic standardized instruments, each consisting of brief forms designed to gather data on normal persons as well as on cognitively impaired or behaviorally disturbed individuals. Such data permit the identification of dementia based on clinical, neuropsychological, behavioral or neuropathological criteria. Staff at participating CERAD sites were trained and certified to administer the assessment instruments and to evaluate the subjects enrolled in the study. Cases and controls were evaluated at entry and annually thereafter including (when possible) autopsy examination of the brain to track the natural progression of AD and to obtain neuropathological confirmation of the clinical diagnosis. The CERAD database has become a major resource for research in Alzheimer's disease. It contains longitudinal data for periods as long as seven years on the natural progression of the disorder as well as information on clinical and neuropsychological changes and neuropathological manifestations.
View all literature mentionsWeb based gene set analysis toolkit designed for functional genomic, proteomic, and large-scale genetic studies from which large number of gene lists (e.g. differentially expressed gene sets, co-expressed gene sets etc) are continuously generated. WebGestalt incorporates information from different public resources and provides a way for biologists to make sense out of gene lists. This version of WebGestalt supports eight organisms, including human, mouse, rat, worm, fly, yeast, dog, and zebrafish.
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