Co-stimulation regulates T cell activation, but it remains unclear whether co-stimulatory pathways also control T cell differentiation. We used mass cytometry to profile T cells generated in the genetic absence of the negative co-stimulatory molecules CTLA-4 and PD-1. Our data indicate that negative co-stimulation constrains the possible cell states that peripheral T cells can acquire. CTLA-4 imposes major boundaries on CD4+ T cell phenotypes, whereas PD-1 subtly limits CD8+ T cell phenotypes. By computationally reconstructing T cell differentiation paths, we identified protein expression changes that underlied the abnormal phenotypic expansion and pinpointed when lineage choice events occurred during differentiation. Similar alterations in T cell phenotypes were observed after anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1 antibody blockade. These findings implicate negative co-stimulation as a key regulator and determinant of T cell differentiation and suggest that checkpoint blockade might work in part by altering the limits of T cell phenotypes.
Pubmed ID: 30926234 RIS Download
Publication data is provided by the National Library of Medicine ® and PubMed ®. Data is retrieved from PubMed ® on a weekly schedule. For terms and conditions see the National Library of Medicine Terms and Conditions.
Multi paradigm numerical computing environment and fourth generation programming language developed by MathWorks. Allows matrix manipulations, plotting of functions and data, implementation of algorithms, creation of user interfaces, and interfacing with programs written in other languages, including C, C++, Java, Fortran and Python. Used to explore and visualize ideas and collaborate across disciplines including signal and image processing, communications, control systems, and computational finance.
View all literature mentionsA software package to analyze next-generation resequencing data. The toolkit offers a wide variety of tools, with a primary focus on variant discovery and genotyping as well as strong emphasis on data quality assurance. Its robust architecture, powerful processing engine and high-performance computing features make it capable of taking on projects of any size. This software library makes writing efficient analysis tools using next-generation sequencing data very easy, and second it's a suite of tools for working with human medical resequencing projects such as 1000 Genomes and The Cancer Genome Atlas. These tools include things like a depth of coverage analyzers, a quality score recalibrator, a SNP/indel caller and a local realigner. (entry from Genetic Analysis Software)
View all literature mentionsA web-based hosting service for software development projects that use the Git revision control system offering powerful collaboration, code review, and code management. It offers both paid plans for private repositories, and free accounts for open source projects. Large or small, every repository comes with the same powerful tools. These tools are open to the community for public projects and secure for private projects. Features include: * Integrated issue tracking * Collaborative code review * Easily manage teams within organizations * Text entry with understated power * A growing list of programming languages and data formats * On the desktop and in your pocket - Android app and mobile web views let you keep track of your projects on the go.
View all literature mentionsCommercial supplier and developer of in vivo antibodies. Provides antibodies and antibody production services.
View all literature mentionsTHIS RESOURCE IS NO LONGER IN SERVICE. Documented on May 5,2022.Tool that predicts interactions between transcription factors and their regulated genes from binding motifs. Understanding vertebrate development requires unraveling the cis-regulatory architecture of gene regulation. PRISM provides accurate genome-wide computational predictions of transcription factor binding sites for the human and mouse genomes, and integrates the predictions with GREAT to provide functional biological context. Together, accurate computational binding site prediction and GREAT produce for each transcription factor: 1. putative binding sites, 2. putative target genes, 3. putative biological roles of the transcription factor, and 4. putative cis-regulatory elements through which the factor regulates each target in each functional role.
View all literature mentionsSoftware for single-cell flow cytometry analysis. Its functions include management, display, manipulation, analysis and publication of the data stream produced by flow and mass cytometers.
View all literature mentionsSoftware for aligning sequencing reads against large reference genome. Consists of three algorithms: BWA-backtrack, BWA-SW and BWA-MEM. First for sequence reads up to 100bp, and other two for longer sequences ranged from 70bp to 1Mbp.
View all literature mentionsSequence analysis software for rt-qPCR analysis. It establishes standard curves, calculates delta delta Ct and automatically determines the ideal threshold setting for each run.
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets CD4
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets CD152
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets CD69
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets CD16/CD32
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets IFN gamma
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets IL-10
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets TNF-alpha
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets CD8a
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets CD4
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets CD278 (ICOS)
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets CD25
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets IL-2
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets CD279
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets CD278 (ICOS)
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets CD19
View all literature mentionsThis isotype control targets Not Applicable
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets CD19
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets TCF-7/TCF-1
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets CD4
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets CD8a
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets T-bet
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets CD45.2
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets CD3e
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets Ly-6A/E
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets CD279/PD-1
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets RORγt Recombinant Protein
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets NK-1.1
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets CD274/PD-L1
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets I-A/I-E
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets Ikaros
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets CD278 (ICOS)
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets IRF4
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets CD223
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets EOMES
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets GATA3
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets CXCR5
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets Foxp3
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets CD183
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets H-2Kb/H-2Db
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets Helios
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets CD62L/L-selectin
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets CD8a
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets CD45
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets CD27
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets CD19
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets CD25
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets CD127
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets CD24
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets CD117
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets c-MAF
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets CD194
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets Bcl-2
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets CD11c
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets Aiolos
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets BATF
View all literature mentionsMus musculus with name C57BL/6J from IMSR.
View all literature mentionsMus musculus with name STOCK Pdcd1tm1.1Shr/J from IMSR.
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets CD4
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets CD152
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets CD27
View all literature mentions