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Diversified neurons are essential for sensorimotor function, but whether astrocytes become specialized to optimize circuit performance remains unclear. Large fast α-motor neurons (FαMNs) of spinal cord innervate fast-twitch muscles that generate peak strength. We report that ventral horn astrocytes express the inward-rectifying K+ channel Kir4.1 (a.k.a. Kcnj10) around MNs in a VGLUT1-dependent manner. Loss of astrocyte-encoded Kir4.1 selectively altered FαMN size and function and led to reduced peak strength. Overexpression of Kir4.1 in astrocytes was sufficient to increase MN size through activation of the PI3K/mTOR/pS6 pathway. Kir4.1 was downregulated cell autonomously in astrocytes derived from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients with SOD1 mutation. However, astrocyte Kir4.1 was dispensable for FαMN survival even in the mutant SOD1 background. These findings show that astrocyte Kir4.1 is essential for maintenance of peak strength and suggest that Kir4.1 downregulation might uncouple symptoms of muscle weakness from MN cell death in diseases like ALS.
Pubmed ID: 29606582 RIS Download
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Commercial antibody supplier and developer for biomedical research. These products are compatible with use in flow cytometry and mass cytometry, immunoprecipitation and chip, western blotting, immunofluorescence microscopy, and quantitative multiplexing.
View all literature mentionsNon-profit plasmid repository dedicated to helping scientists around the world share high-quality plasmids. Facilitates archiving and distributing DNA-based research reagents and associated data to scientists worldwide. Repository contains over 65,000 plasmids, including special collections on CRISPR, fluorescent proteins, and ready-to-use viral preparations. There is no cost for scientists to deposit plasmids, which saves time and money associated with shipping plasmids themselves. All plasmids are fully sequenced for validation and sequencing data is openly available. We handle the appropriate Material Transfer Agreements (MTA) with institutions, facilitating open exchange and offering intellectual property and liability protection for depositing scientists. Furthermore, we curate free educational resources for the scientific community including a blog, eBooks, video protocols, and detailed molecular biology resources.
View all literature mentionsAn independent, nonprofit organization focused on mammalian genetics research to advance human health. Their mission is to discover the genetic basis for preventing, treating, and curing human disease, and to enable research for the global biomedical community. Jackson Laboratory breeds and manages colonies of mice as resources for other research institutions and laboratories, along with providing software and techniques. Jackson Lab also conducts genetic research and provides educational material for various educational levels.
View all literature mentionsA generic alignment format for storing read alignments against reference sequences, supporting short and long reads (up to 128 Mbp) produced by different sequencing platforms.
View all literature mentionsUltrafast and memory efficient tool for aligning sequencing reads to long reference sequences. Supports gapped, local, and paired end alignment modes. More suited to finding longer, gapped alignments in comparison with original Bowtie method.
View all literature mentionsSoftware package for differential gene expression analysis based on the negative binomial distribution. Used for analyzing RNA-seq data for differential analysis of count data, using shrinkage estimation for dispersions and fold changes to improve stability and interpretability of estimates.
View all literature mentionsOriginal SAMTOOLS package has been split into three separate repositories including Samtools, BCFtools and HTSlib. Samtools for manipulating next generation sequencing data used for reading, writing, editing, indexing,viewing nucleotide alignments in SAM,BAM,CRAM format. BCFtools used for reading, writing BCF2,VCF, gVCF files and calling, filtering, summarising SNP and short indel sequence variants. HTSlib used for reading, writing high throughput sequencing data.
View all literature mentionsSoftware tool for transcriptome assembly and differential expression analysis for RNA-Seq. Includes script called cuffmerge that can be used to merge together several Cufflinks assemblies. It also handles running Cuffcompare as well as automatically filtering a number of transfrags that are likely to be artifacts. If the researcher has a reference GTF file, the researcher can provide it to the script to more effectively merge novel isoforms and maximize overall assembly quality.
View all literature mentionsCollection of genome databases for vertebrates and other eukaryotic species with DNA and protein sequence search capabilities. Used to automatically annotate genome, integrate this annotation with other available biological data and make data publicly available via web. Ensembl tools include BLAST, BLAT, BioMart and the Variant Effect Predictor (VEP) for all supported species.
View all literature mentionsSoftware ultrafast memory efficient tool for aligning sequencing reads. Bowtie is short read aligner.
View all literature mentionsImaris provides range of capabilities for working with three dimensional images. Uses flexible editing and processing functions, such as interactive surface rendering and object slicing capabilities. And output to standard TIFF, Quicktime and AVI formats. Imaris accepts virtually all image formats that are used in confocal microscopy and many of those used in wide-field image acquisition.
View all literature mentionsSoftware R package of functions and classes for the analysis of oligonucleotide arrays manufactured by Affymetrix. Used to process probe level data and for exploratory oligonucleotide array analysis.
View all literature mentionsMus musculus with name NTac:SD-Tg(SOD1G93A)L26H from IMSR.
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal secondary targets IgG (H+L)
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal secondary targets IgG (H+L)
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal secondary targets IgG (H+L)
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal targets Mouse IgG (H+L)
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal secondary targets IgG (H+L)
View all literature mentionsThis unknown targets Rabbit IgG (H+L)
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal secondary targets IgG (H+L)
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal secondary targets IgG (H+L)
View all literature mentionsThis unknown targets IgG (H+L)
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal secondary targets IgG (H+L)
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal secondary targets IgG (H+L)
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets beta-Actin
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets slightly modified β-cytoplasmic actin N-terminal peptide, Ac-Asp-Asp-Asp-Ile-Ala-Ala-Leu-Val-Ile-Asp-Asn-Gly-Ser-Gly-Lys, conjugated to KLH
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal targets ALDH1L1 antibody - Astrocyte Marker
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets GFAP
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal targets VGluT2
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal targets VGLUT1
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets Neurofilament H NF-H
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets Myosin (Skeletal, Fast)
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets Myosin (Skeletal Slow) antibody produced in mouse
View all literature mentionsThis unknown targets Mouse Matrix Metalloproteinase-9
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal targets Laminin antibody produced in rabbit
View all literature mentionsThis unknown targets Kir4.1 (KCNJ10) Channel
View all literature mentionsThis unknown targets Kir4.1 (KCNJ10) Channel
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal targets Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP)
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets GFAP
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal targets DsRed
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal targets Choline Acetyltransferase
View all literature mentionsMus musculus with name B6SJLF1/J from IMSR.
View all literature mentionsMus musculus with name B6SJL-Tg(SOD1*G93A)1Gur/J from IMSR.
View all literature mentionsMus musculus with name B6.Cg-Tg(RP23-268L19-EGFP)2Mik/J from IMSR.
View all literature mentionsMus musculus with name B6.129-Kcnj10tm1Kdmc/J from IMSR.
View all literature mentionsMus musculus with name STOCK Tg(Aldh1l1-EGFP)OFC789Gsat/Mmucd from MMRRC.
View all literature mentionsMus musculus with name B6SJL-Tg(SOD1*G93A)1Gur/J from IMSR.
View all literature mentionsMus musculus with name B6.Cg-Tg(RP23-268L19-EGFP)2Mik/J from IMSR.
View all literature mentionsMus musculus with name B6SJLF1/J from IMSR.
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal secondary targets IgG (H+L)
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal secondary targets IgG (H+L)
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal secondary targets IgG (H+L)
View all literature mentionsMus musculus with name STOCK Tg(Aldh1l1-EGFP)OFC789Gsat/Mmucd from MMRRC.
View all literature mentionsMus musculus with name B6.129-Kcnj10tm1Kdmc/J from IMSR.
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal secondary targets IgG (H+L)
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal secondary targets IgG (H+L)
View all literature mentionsThis unknown targets Rabbit IgG (H+L)
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal targets Mouse IgG (H+L)
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal targets VGLUT1
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal secondary targets IgG (H+L)
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal secondary targets IgG (H+L)
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets beta-Actin
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets slightly modified β-cytoplasmic actin N-terminal peptide, Ac-Asp-Asp-Asp-Ile-Ala-Ala-Leu-Val-Ile-Asp-Asn-Gly-Ser-Gly-Lys, conjugated to KLH
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal targets ALDH1L1 antibody - Astrocyte Marker
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets GFAP
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal targets VGluT2
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal targets VGLUT1
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets Neurofilament H NF-H
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets Myosin (Skeletal, Fast)
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets Myosin (Skeletal Slow) antibody produced in mouse
View all literature mentionsThis unknown targets Mouse Matrix Metalloproteinase-9
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal targets Laminin antibody produced in rabbit
View all literature mentionsThis unknown targets Kir4.1 (KCNJ10) Channel
View all literature mentionsThis unknown targets Kir4.1 (KCNJ10) Channel
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal targets Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP)
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets GFAP
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal targets DsRed
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal targets Choline Acetyltransferase
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal secondary targets IgG (H+L)
View all literature mentionsThis unknown targets IgG (H+L)
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