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Synaptic cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) promote synapse formation in the developing nervous system. To what extent they maintain and can restore connections in the mature nervous system is unknown. Furthermore, how synaptic CAMs affect the growth of synapse-bearing neurites is unclear. Here, we use adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) to delete, re-, and overexpress the synaptic CAM NGL2 in individual retinal horizontal cells. When we removed NGL2 from horizontal cells, their axons overgrew and formed fewer synapses, irrespective of whether Ngl2 was deleted during development or in mature circuits. When we re-expressed NGL2 in knockout mice, horizontal cell axon territories and synapse numbers were restored, even if AAVs were injected after phenotypes had developed. Finally, overexpression of NGL2 in wild-type horizontal cells elevated synapse numbers above normal levels. Thus, NGL2 promotes the formation, maintenance, and restoration of synapses in the developing and mature retina, and restricts axon growth throughout life.
Pubmed ID: 29553369 RIS Download
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Non-profit plasmid repository dedicated to helping scientists around the world share high-quality plasmids. Facilitates archiving and distributing DNA-based research reagents and associated data to scientists worldwide. Repository contains over 65,000 plasmids, including special collections on CRISPR, fluorescent proteins, and ready-to-use viral preparations. There is no cost for scientists to deposit plasmids, which saves time and money associated with shipping plasmids themselves. All plasmids are fully sequenced for validation and sequencing data is openly available. We handle the appropriate Material Transfer Agreements (MTA) with institutions, facilitating open exchange and offering intellectual property and liability protection for depositing scientists. Furthermore, we curate free educational resources for the scientific community including a blog, eBooks, video protocols, and detailed molecular biology resources.
View all literature mentionsSoftware tool for visualizing, manipulating, and understanding data from tomography, microscopy, MRI and other imaging processes.Used to import and export options, to processes 3D image filtering and DTI based fiber tracking to visualization, volume and surface rendering, author tools for virtual reality navigation, video generation, and more.
View all literature mentionsSoftware package as distribution of ImageJ and ImageJ2 together with Java, Java3D and plugins organized into coherent menu structure. Used to assist research in life sciences.
View all literature mentionsA national mouse monoclonal antibody generating resource for biochemical and immunohistochemical applications in mammalian brain. NeuroMabs are generated from mice immunized with synthetic and recombinant immunogens corresponding to components of the neuronal proteome as predicted from genomic and other large-scale cloning efforts. Comprehensive biochemical and immunohistochemical analyses of human, primate and non-primate mammalian brain are incorporated into the initial NeuroMab screening procedure. This yields a subset of mouse mAbs that are optimized for use in brain (i.e. NeuroMabs): for immunocytochemical-based imaging studies of protein localization in adult, developing and pathological brain samples, for biochemical analyses of subunit composition and post-translational modifications of native brain proteins, and for proteomic analyses of native brain protein networks. The NeuroMab facility was initially funded with a five-year U24 cooperative grant from NINDS and NIMH. The initial goal of the facility for this funding period is to generate a library of novel NeuroMabs against neuronal proteins, initially focusing on membrane proteins (receptors/channels/transporters), synaptic proteins, other neuronal signaling molecules, and proteins with established links to disease states. The scope of the facility was expanded with supplements from the NIH Blueprint for Neuroscience Research to include neurodevelopmental targets, the NIH Roadmap for Medical Research to include epigenetics targets, and NIH Office of Rare Diseases Research to include rare disease targets. These NeuroMabs will then be produced on a large scale and made available to the neuroscience research community on an inexpensive basis as tissue culture supernatants or purified immunoglobulin by Antibodies Inc. The UC Davis/NIH NeuroMab Facility makes NeuroMabs available directly to end users and is unable to accommodate sales to distributors for third party distribution. Note, NeuroMab antibodies are now offered through antibodiesinc.
View all literature mentionsSoftware tool for visualizing, manipulating, and understanding data from tomography, microscopy, MRI and other imaging processes.Used to import and export options, to processes 3D image filtering and DTI based fiber tracking to visualization, volume and surface rendering, author tools for virtual reality navigation, video generation, and more.
View all literature mentionsCell line HEK293 is a Transformed cell line with a species of origin Homo sapiens (Human)
View all literature mentionsCell line Neuro-2a is a Cancer cell line with a species of origin Mus musculus
View all literature mentionslaboratory mouse with name C57BL/6N from MGI.
View all literature mentionsThis unknown targets IgG (H+L)
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets NGL-2/LRRC4
View all literature mentionsThis unknown targets GFP
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal targets DsRed
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal secondary targets IgY (H+L)
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal secondary targets IgG (H+L)
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal targets GFP
View all literature mentionsThis recombinant polyclonal secondary targets IgG (Heavy Chain)
View all literature mentionsMus musculus with name C57BL/6J from IMSR.
View all literature mentionsMus musculus with name STOCK Gt(ROSA)26Sortm1.1(CAG-cas9*.-EGFP)Fezh/J from IMSR.
View all literature mentionsTHIS RESOURCE IS NO LONGER IN SERVICE. Documented on April 12,2023. Matlab code for two-factor (location and year) analysis-of-variance model for the calculation of climate anomalies, in which the reference interval is specified as the full length of the dataset. This scheme avoids the affects of shorter (e.g. 1961-1990) reference intervals on the temporal evolution of the spatial standard deviation of climate anomalies. Data files provided.
View all literature mentionsThis recombinant polyclonal secondary targets IgG (Heavy Chain)
View all literature mentionsThis unknown targets IgG (H+L)
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal targets GFP
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal secondary targets IgG (H+L)
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal secondary targets IgY (H+L)
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets NGL-2/LRRC4
View all literature mentionsMus musculus with name C57BL/6J from IMSR.
View all literature mentionsMus musculus with name STOCK Gt(ROSA)26Sortm1.1(CAG-cas9*.-EGFP)Fezh/J from IMSR.
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal secondary targets IgG (H+L)
View all literature mentionsThis unknown targets GFP
View all literature mentionsThis unknown targets IgG (H+L)
View all literature mentionsThis recombinant polyclonal secondary targets IgG (Heavy Chain)
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal secondary targets IgY (H+L)
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal targets GFP
View all literature mentionsThis unknown targets GFP
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal targets DsRed
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets NGL-2/LRRC4
View all literature mentionsMus musculus with name STOCK Gt(ROSA)26Sortm1.1(CAG-cas9*.-EGFP)Fezh/J from IMSR.
View all literature mentionsMus musculus with name C57BL/6J from IMSR.
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal targets DsRed
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