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The human face is an array of variable physical features that together make each of us unique and distinguishable. Striking familial facial similarities underscore a genetic component, but little is known of the genes that underlie facial shape differences. Numerous studies have estimated facial shape heritability using various methods. Here, we used advanced three-dimensional imaging technology and quantitative human genetics analysis to estimate narrow-sense heritability, heritability explained by common genetic variation, and pairwise genetic correlations of 38 measures of facial shape and size in normal African Bantu children from Tanzania. Specifically, we fit a linear mixed model of genetic relatedness between close and distant relatives to jointly estimate variance components that correspond to heritability explained by genome-wide common genetic variation and variance explained by uncaptured genetic variation, the sum representing total narrow-sense heritability. Our significant estimates for narrow-sense heritability of specific facial traits range from 28 to 67%, with horizontal measures being slightly more heritable than vertical or depth measures. Furthermore, for over half of facial traits, >90% of narrow-sense heritability can be explained by common genetic variation. We also find high absolute genetic correlation between most traits, indicating large overlap in underlying genetic loci. Not surprisingly, traits measured in the same physical orientation (i.e., both horizontal or both vertical) have high positive genetic correlations, whereas traits in opposite orientations have high negative correlations. The complex genetic architecture of facial shape informs our understanding of the intricate relationships among different facial features as well as overall facial development.
Pubmed ID: 27974501 RIS Download
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The mission of the Doris Duke Charitable Foundation is to improve the quality of people''s lives through grants supporting the performing arts, environmental conservation, medical research and the prevention of child abuse, and through preservation of the cultural and environmental legacy of Doris Duke''s properties. Established in 1996, the foundation supports four national grant-making programs. It also supports three properties that were owned by Doris Duke in Hillsborough, New Jersey; Honolulu, Hawaii; and Newport, Rhode Island. The foundation is headquartered in New York and is governed by a board of 12 Trustees. DDCF''s activities are guided by the will of Doris Duke, who endowed the foundation with financial assets that totaled approximately $1.6 billion as of December 31, 2010. The foundation regularly evaluates and modifies its allocation of resources from the endowment to support the programs and properties and to respond to fluctuations in portfolio returns. The foundation awarded its first grants in 1997. As of December 31, 2011, the foundation has awarded grants totaling more than $1 billion. DDCF awards grants in four core program areas: * The Arts Program supports performing artists with the creation and public performance of their work. * The Environment Program supports efforts that enable communities to protect and manage wildlife habitat and create efficient built environments. * The Medical Research Program seeks to contribute to the prevention and cure of disease by supporting clinical research. * The Child Abuse Prevention Program seeks to protect children from abuse and neglect in order to promote their healthy development. In the fall of 2007, DDCF also launched the African Health Initiative, with the goal of strengthening health systems in sub-Saharan Africa. The Building Bridges Program, which seeks to increase public understanding of Islamic cultures through media and the arts, is funded through the Doris Duke Foundation for Islamic Art and is headquartered in DDCF''s offices in New York. The Properties In her will, Doris Duke requested that several operating foundations manage the properties listed below. She also expressed her wishes that the properties be opened for public visitation and used for educational programs. The operating foundations receive funding from the Doris Duke Charitable Foundation. * The Duke Farms Foundation manages a 2,700-acre property in Hillsborough, New Jersey, which is known as Duke Farms and has a mission of environmental stewardship. * The Doris Duke Foundation for Islamic Art manages Doris Duke''s home in Honolulu, Hawaii, which is known as Shangri La and serves as a center for the study of Islamic art and cultures. * The Newport Restoration Foundation preserves historic houses in Newport, Rhode Island, and operates Doris Duke''s home in Newport known as Rough Point, which is also a public museum.
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