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The majority of neurons in the mammalian brain reside within the cerebellum (Cb). Yet, the evolutionary origins of the Cb are not well understood. There are several sensory nuclei present across vertebrate phylogeny collectively termed cerebellum-like structures (CbLS) due to a shared anatomy and physiology with the Cb. Despite the similarities, the CbLS are clearly not phylogenetically homologous with the Cb. Common structure and function may arise due to a shared genetic and developmental toolkit. To examine this possibility, we used sequence analysis, western blotting, immunohistochemistry and RT-qPCR to test for the expression of three genes that are critical for mammalian cerebellar development in the Cb and CbLS of an elasmobranch fish, Leucoraja erinacea. In the mammalian Cb, Pax6 is necessary for parallel fiber development, while Cbln1 and Grid2 code for proteins necessary for parallel fiber-principal cell synaptogenesis. Pax6 and Cbln1 are expressed by granule cells in the Cb and CbLS of the adult skate and stage 31 embryo. Grid2 is expressed by principal cells in the Cb and CbLS of the adult and stage 31 embryo. RT-qPCR showed this expression is spatially and temporally restricted to the Cb and CbLS. If Pax6, Cbln1 and Grid2 perform the same functions in the skate Cb and CbLS as they do in the mammalian Cb, then these structures may develop using a shared genetic toolkit and be considered generatively homologous. It is possible that the evolutionary genesis of the Cb was the result of duplication or expansion of the cerebellum-like developmental toolkit.
Pubmed ID: 29888788 RIS Download
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This unknown targets IgG
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View all literature mentionsSoftware integrated tool for conducting automatic and manual sequence alignment, inferring phylogenetic trees, mining web based databases, estimating rates of molecular evolution, and testing evolutionary hypotheses. Used for comparative analysis of DNA and protein sequences to infer molecular evolutionary patterns of genes, genomes, and species over time. MEGA version 4 expands on existing facilities for editing DNA sequence data from autosequencers, mining Web-databases, performing automatic and manual sequence alignment, analyzing sequence alignments to estimate evolutionary distances, inferring phylogenetic trees, and testing evolutionary hypotheses. MEGA version 6 enables inference of timetrees, as it implements RelTime method for estimating divergence times for all branching points in phylogeny.
View all literature mentionsPortal supporting the North East Bioinformatics Collaborative''s project to sequence the genome of the Little Skate. Provided is a clearinghouse for Little Skate Genome Project and other publicly available Skate and Ray (Batoidea) genome data, and tools for data visualization and analysis. Little Skate Genome Project The little skate (Leucoraja erinacea) is a chondrichthyan (cartilaginous) fish native to the east coast of North America. Elasmobranchs (Skates, Rays, and Sharks) exhibit many fundamental vertebrate characteristics, including a neural crest, jaws and teeth, an adaptive immune system, and a pressurized circulatory system. These characteristics have been exploited to promote understanding about human physiology, immunology, stem cell biology, toxicology, neurobiology and regeneration. The development of standardized experimental protocols in elasmobranchs such as L. erinacea and the spiny dogfish shark (Squalus acanthias) has further positioned these organisms as important biomedical and developmental models. Despite this distinction, the only reported chondrichthyan genome is the low coverage (1.4x) draft genome of the elephant shark (Callorhinchus milii). To close the evolutionary gaps in available elasmobranch genome sequence data, and generate critical genomic resources for future biomedical study, the genome of L. erinacea is being sequenced by the North East Bioinformatics Collaborative (NEBC). As close evolutionary relatives, the little skate sequence will facilitate studies that employ dogfish shark and other elasmobranchs as model organisms. Skate tools include the SkateBLAST and the Skate Genome Browsers: Little Skate Mitochondrion, Thorny Skate Mitochondrion, and Ocellate Spot Skate Mitochondrion.
View all literature mentionsOnline database documenting the genome of the Japanese lamprey. The project uses the genome to gain insight into the evolution of vertebrate organisms.
View all literature mentionsCollection of data of protein sequence and functional information. Resource for protein sequence and annotation data. Consortium for preservation of the UniProt databases: UniProt Knowledgebase (UniProtKB), UniProt Reference Clusters (UniRef), and UniProt Archive (UniParc), UniProt Proteomes. Collaboration between European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics and Protein Information Resource. Swiss-Prot is a curated subset of UniProtKB.
View all literature mentionsSoftware package as multiple sequence alignment tool that uses seeded guide trees and HMM profile-profile techniques to generate alignments between three or more sequences. Accepts nucleic acid or protein sequences in multiple sequence formats NBRF/PIR, EMBL/UniProt, Pearson (FASTA), GDE, ALN/Clustal, GCG/MSF, RSF.
View all literature mentionsA free program for multiple sequence alignment editing, visualisation and analysis that is available in two forms: a lightweight Java applet for use in web applications, and a powerful desktop application that employs web services for sequence alignment, secondary structure prediction and the retrieval of alignments, sequences, annotation and structures from public databases and any DAS 1.53 compliant sequence or annotation server. Use it to view and edit sequence alignments, analyse them with phylogenetic trees and principal components analysis (PCA) plots and explore molecular structures and annotation. Jalview has built in DNA, RNA and protein sequence and structure visualisation and analysis capabilities. It uses Jmol to view 3D structures, and VARNA to display RNA secondary structure.
View all literature mentionsThis unknown targets
View all literature mentionsA free program for multiple sequence alignment editing, visualisation and analysis that is available in two forms: a lightweight Java applet for use in web applications, and a powerful desktop application that employs web services for sequence alignment, secondary structure prediction and the retrieval of alignments, sequences, annotation and structures from public databases and any DAS 1.53 compliant sequence or annotation server. Use it to view and edit sequence alignments, analyse them with phylogenetic trees and principal components analysis (PCA) plots and explore molecular structures and annotation. Jalview has built in DNA, RNA and protein sequence and structure visualisation and analysis capabilities. It uses Jmol to view 3D structures, and VARNA to display RNA secondary structure.
View all literature mentionsPortal supporting the North East Bioinformatics Collaborative''s project to sequence the genome of the Little Skate. Provided is a clearinghouse for Little Skate Genome Project and other publicly available Skate and Ray (Batoidea) genome data, and tools for data visualization and analysis. Little Skate Genome Project The little skate (Leucoraja erinacea) is a chondrichthyan (cartilaginous) fish native to the east coast of North America. Elasmobranchs (Skates, Rays, and Sharks) exhibit many fundamental vertebrate characteristics, including a neural crest, jaws and teeth, an adaptive immune system, and a pressurized circulatory system. These characteristics have been exploited to promote understanding about human physiology, immunology, stem cell biology, toxicology, neurobiology and regeneration. The development of standardized experimental protocols in elasmobranchs such as L. erinacea and the spiny dogfish shark (Squalus acanthias) has further positioned these organisms as important biomedical and developmental models. Despite this distinction, the only reported chondrichthyan genome is the low coverage (1.4x) draft genome of the elephant shark (Callorhinchus milii). To close the evolutionary gaps in available elasmobranch genome sequence data, and generate critical genomic resources for future biomedical study, the genome of L. erinacea is being sequenced by the North East Bioinformatics Collaborative (NEBC). As close evolutionary relatives, the little skate sequence will facilitate studies that employ dogfish shark and other elasmobranchs as model organisms. Skate tools include the SkateBLAST and the Skate Genome Browsers: Little Skate Mitochondrion, Thorny Skate Mitochondrion, and Ocellate Spot Skate Mitochondrion.
View all literature mentionsThis unknown targets
View all literature mentionsThis unknown targets IgG
View all literature mentionsA free program for multiple sequence alignment editing, visualisation and analysis that is available in two forms: a lightweight Java applet for use in web applications, and a powerful desktop application that employs web services for sequence alignment, secondary structure prediction and the retrieval of alignments, sequences, annotation and structures from public databases and any DAS 1.53 compliant sequence or annotation server. Use it to view and edit sequence alignments, analyse them with phylogenetic trees and principal components analysis (PCA) plots and explore molecular structures and annotation. Jalview has built in DNA, RNA and protein sequence and structure visualisation and analysis capabilities. It uses Jmol to view 3D structures, and VARNA to display RNA secondary structure.
View all literature mentionsPortal supporting the North East Bioinformatics Collaborative''s project to sequence the genome of the Little Skate. Provided is a clearinghouse for Little Skate Genome Project and other publicly available Skate and Ray (Batoidea) genome data, and tools for data visualization and analysis. Little Skate Genome Project The little skate (Leucoraja erinacea) is a chondrichthyan (cartilaginous) fish native to the east coast of North America. Elasmobranchs (Skates, Rays, and Sharks) exhibit many fundamental vertebrate characteristics, including a neural crest, jaws and teeth, an adaptive immune system, and a pressurized circulatory system. These characteristics have been exploited to promote understanding about human physiology, immunology, stem cell biology, toxicology, neurobiology and regeneration. The development of standardized experimental protocols in elasmobranchs such as L. erinacea and the spiny dogfish shark (Squalus acanthias) has further positioned these organisms as important biomedical and developmental models. Despite this distinction, the only reported chondrichthyan genome is the low coverage (1.4x) draft genome of the elephant shark (Callorhinchus milii). To close the evolutionary gaps in available elasmobranch genome sequence data, and generate critical genomic resources for future biomedical study, the genome of L. erinacea is being sequenced by the North East Bioinformatics Collaborative (NEBC). As close evolutionary relatives, the little skate sequence will facilitate studies that employ dogfish shark and other elasmobranchs as model organisms. Skate tools include the SkateBLAST and the Skate Genome Browsers: Little Skate Mitochondrion, Thorny Skate Mitochondrion, and Ocellate Spot Skate Mitochondrion.
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