The ability to sense time and anticipate events is critical for survival. Learned responses that allow anticipation of the availability of food or water have been intensively studied. While anticipatory behaviors also occur prior to availability of regularly available rewards, there has been relatively little work on anticipation of drugs of abuse, specifically methamphetamine (MA). In the present study, we used a protocol that avoided possible CNS effects of stresses of handling or surgery by testing anticipation of MA availability in animals living in their home cages, with daily voluntary access to the drug at a fixed time of day. Anticipation was operationalized as the amount of wheel running prior to MA availability. Mice were divided into four groups given access to either nebulized MA or water, in early or late day. Animals with access to MA, but not water controls, showed anticipatory activity, with more anticipation in early compared to late day and significant interaction effects. Next, we explored the neural basis of the MA anticipation, using c-FOS expression, in animals euthanized at the usual time of nebulization access. In the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH) and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), the pattern of c-FOS expression paralleled that of anticipatory behavior, with significant main and interaction effects of treatment and time of day. The results for the lateral septum (LS) were significant for main effects and marginally significant for interaction effects. These studies suggest that anticipation of MA is associated with activation of brain regions important in circadian timing, emotional regulation, and decision making.
Pubmed ID: 29632871 RIS Download
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View all literature mentionsSoftware tool for data graphing and analysis by Systat Software, Inc.
View all literature mentionsSoftware package as distribution of ImageJ and ImageJ2 together with Java, Java3D and plugins organized into coherent menu structure. Used to assist research in life sciences.
View all literature mentionsA microscopic image capturing software that is meant to be used in conjunction with Q-imaging cameras. Image workflow is managed using a multiple document interface (MDI). There is also a publish image feature to capture high quality images of what is on the screen, including the overlay, the region of interest, and capture of single frames in time lapses or movies.
View all literature mentionsThis unknown targets Mouse IgG (H+L)
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal targets IgG (H+L)
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets Tyrosine Hydroxylase
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal targets FOS
View all literature mentionsThis unknown targets Donkey Serum
View all literature mentionsPoint and click program used to quickly analyse circadian activity data using algorithms and embedded controls to make every graph interactive and useful for data analysis. The analysis program has been used for a variety of species including mice, hamsters, rats, sheep, Drosophila, and humans. This program has three separate applications: one for data collection, one for analysis, and a chamber control program.
View all literature mentionsA data acquisition and analysis software program. The program collects data from sensors and receivers and displays graphical data analysis as well as descriptive statistics.
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