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Human organoid models of the central nervous system, including the neural retina, are providing unprecedented opportunities to explore human neurodevelopment and neurodegeneration in controlled culture environments. In this Perspective, we discuss how the single-cell multi-omic toolkit has been used to identify features and limitations of brain and retina organoids and how these tools can be deployed to study congenital brain malformations and vision disorders in organoids. We also address how to improve brain and retina organoid protocols to revolutionize in vitro disease modeling.
Traumatic vision is an important factor that causes people to have a vision. In our country, the vast majority of vision is caused by trauma. To understand the role of optic nerve decompression in the treatment of traumatic visual disturbances based on the pathological states of traumatic visual disturbances and intelligent Internet of tumors medical nasal endoscopy optic nerve decompression. This article collects relevant information by investigating patients, investigating relevant literature, interviewing professionals, etc., constructing a case template and using a comprehensive quantitative and qualitative analysis method to create a damage assessment matrix. The results of the study found that most traumatic vision disorders occur in the young and middle-aged stage, which is more than three times that of other age groups. The permanent blindness rate of patients reaches 8%, which is extremely harmful. Optic canal decompression surgery can play a great role in the treatment of patients. It can greatly reduce the patient's neurological damage. The effect is about 30% higher than that of general treatment methods, and it can also play a certain role in the prognosis of rehabilitation. It can effectively prevent related postoperative complications. This shows that optic canal decompression in the treatment of traumatic vision disorders should attract people's attention and increase research and development efforts and promotion efforts so that optic canal decompression can be used in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with traumatic vision disorders based on smart Internet of things China can play a greater role.
Rarely do we know the perception toward neighbourhoods in people specifically with health conditions. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to understand the perception toward neighbourhoods among adults with a series of the existing health conditions in a country-wide and population-based setting. Data were retrieved from and analysed in Scottish Household Survey, 2007-2008. Information on demographics, self-reported health conditions and perception toward neighbourhoods and the surrounding facilities was obtained by household interview. Analysis including chi-square test, t test and logistic regression modelling were performed. Of 19,150 Scottish adults (aged 16-80) included in the study cohort, 1079 (7.7 %) people were dissatisfied with their living areas; particularly for those who experienced harassment (15.4 %), did not recycle or with dyslexia, chest, digestive, mental and musculoskeletal problems. Twenty to forty per cent reported common neighbourhood problems including noise, rubbish, disputes, graffiti, harassment and drug misuse. People with heart or digestive problems were more dissatisfied with the existing parks and open space. People with arthritis, chest or hearing problems were more dissatisfied with the waste management condition. People with dyslexia were more dissatisfied with the existing public transportation. People with heart problems were more dissatisfied with the current street cleaning condition. People with hearing, vision, speech, learning problems or dyslexia were also more dissatisfied with sports and recreational facilities. People with heart, chest, skin, digestive, musculoskeletal, vision, learning, speech and mental disorders and dyslexia were more dissatisfied with their current neighbourhood environments. Upgrading neighbourhood planning to tackle social environment injustice and put pleasant life experience as priorty would be suggested. Graphical abstract interrelations of individual health and neighbourhood health.
The need for mouse models, with their well-developed genetics and similarity to human physiology and anatomy, is clear and their central role in furthering our understanding of human disease is readily apparent in the literature. Mice carrying mutations that alter developmental pathways or cellular function provide model systems for analyzing defects in comparable human disorders and for testing therapeutic strategies. Mutant mice also provide reproducible, experimental systems for elucidating pathways of normal development and function. Two programs, the Eye Mutant Resource and the Translational Vision Research Models, focused on providing such models to the vision research community are described herein. Over 100 mutant lines from the Eye Mutant Resource and 60 mutant lines from the Translational Vision Research Models have been developed. The ocular diseases of the mutant lines include a wide range of phenotypes, including cataracts, retinal dysplasia and degeneration, and abnormal blood vessel formation. The mutations in disease genes have been mapped and in some cases identified by direct sequencing. Here, we report 3 novel alleles of Crx(tvrm65), Rp1(tvrm64), and Rpe65(tvrm148) as successful examples of the TVRM program, that closely resemble previously reported knockout models.
We looked at existing recommendations and supporting evidence on the effectiveness of screening for visual disorders in newborns and small infants, and in children between six months and five years of age.We conducted a literature search up to the 5th of August 2019 by using key terms and manual search in selected sources. We summarized the recommendations and the strength of the recommendations when and as reported by the authors. We summarized the main findings of systematic reviews with the certainty of the evidence as reported on the accuracy of screening tests for detecting visual alterations; the efficacy of treatment for improving visual acuity, school performance, and quality of life; and potential harms derived from vision screening and treating visual alterations.Although there is little evidence supporting its validity and effectiveness, examining all newborns for congenital cataract and retinoblastoma through the red reflex examination is widely accepted due to the severity of both diseases and the good outcomes reached by early detection and treatment.Overall, there is a moderate certainty of evidence that visual screening in children between three and five years provides a moderate net benefit, as assessed by the US Preventive Services Task Force: vision screening tests are accurate for detecting amblyopia and its risk factors, and their treatment is associated with visual improvement. There is uncertain evidence on whether vision screening in children under three years of age provides net benefits. Among populations with a low prevalence of vision abnormalities, screening the youngest is associated with an increased rate of false positives, leading to unnecessary additional assessment.
Techniques employed in rehabilitation of visual field disorders such as hemianopia are usually based on either visual or audio-visual stimulation and patients have to perform a training task. Here we present results from a completely different, novel approach that was based on passive unimodal auditory stimulation. Ten patients with either left or right-sided pure hemianopia (without neglect) received one hour of unilateral passive auditory stimulation on either their anopic or their intact side by application of repetitive trains of sound pulses emitted simultaneously via two loudspeakers. Immediately before and after passive auditory stimulation as well as after a period of recovery, patients completed a simple visual task requiring detection of light flashes presented along the horizontal plane in total darkness. The results showed that one-time passive auditory stimulation on the side of the blind, but not of the intact, hemifield of patients with hemianopia induced an improvement in visual detections by almost 100% within 30 min after passive auditory stimulation. This enhancement in performance was reversible and was reduced to baseline 1.5 h later. A non-significant trend of a shift of the visual field border toward the blind hemifield was obtained after passive auditory stimulation. These results are compatible with the view that passive auditory stimulation elicited some activation of the residual visual pathways, which are known to be multisensory and may also be sensitive to unimodal auditory stimuli as were used here.
Tranexamic acid (TXA) is an antifibrinolytic commonly used to reduce blood loss due to surgical procedures, heavy menstruation, trauma, bleeding disorders, among other uses. Possible adverse reactions associated with TXA include abdominal pain, headache, fatigue, cerebral thrombosis, dizziness, retinal artery occlusion, chromatopsia, and more. We present a case of acute color vision disturbance developed soon after initiation of oral TXA for epistaxis prophylaxis in the setting of factor VII deficiency. To our knowledge we report the only case of color vision disturbance in a pediatric patient and the only case after receiving oral TXA. Soon after discontinuing oral TXA the patient's altered perception of color vision resolved. The patient was subsequently discharged home with a prescription for an alternative antifibrinolytic (aminocaproic acid) and follow-up with neuro-ophthalmology.
Predators use vision to hunt, and hunting success is one of evolution's main selection pressures. However, how viewing strategies and visual systems are adapted to predation is unclear. Tracking predator-prey interactions of mice and crickets in 3D, we find that mice trace crickets with their binocular visual fields and that monocular mice are poor hunters. Mammalian binocular vision requires ipsi- and contralateral projections of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) to the brain. Large-scale single-cell recordings and morphological reconstructions reveal that only a small subset (9 of 40+) of RGC types in the ventrotemporal mouse retina innervate ipsilateral brain areas (ipsi-RGCs). Selective ablation of ipsi-RGCs (<2% of RGCs) in the adult retina drastically reduces the hunting success of mice. Stimuli based on ethological observations indicate that five ipsi-RGC types reliably signal prey. Thus, viewing strategies align with a spatially restricted and cell-type-specific set of ipsi-RGCs that supports binocular vision to guide predation.
Reward-related activity in the dopaminergic midbrain is thought to guide animal behavior, in part by boosting the perceptual and attentional processing of reward-predictive environmental stimuli. In line with this incentive salience hypothesis, studies of human visual search have shown that simple synthetic stimuli, such as lines, shapes, or Gabor patches, capture attention to their location when they are characterized by reward-associated visual features, such as color. In the real world, however, we commonly search for members of a category of visually heterogeneous objects, such as people, cars, or trees, where category examples do not share low-level features. Is attention captured to examples of a reward-associated real-world object category? Here, we have human participants search for targets in photographs of city and landscapes that contain task-irrelevant examples of a reward-associated category. We use the temporal precision of EEG machine learning and ERPs to show that these distractors acquire incentive salience and draw attention, but do not capture it. Instead, we find evidence of rapid, stimulus-triggered attentional suppression, such that the neural encoding of these objects is degraded relative to neutral objects. Humans appear able to suppress the incentive salience of reward-associated objects when they know these objects will be irrelevant, supporting the rapid deployment of attention to other objects that might be more useful. Incentive salience is thought to underlie key behaviors in eating disorders and addiction, among other conditions, and the kind of suppression identified here likely plays a role in mediating the attentional biases that emerge in these circumstances.Significance Statement Like other animals, humans are prone to notice and interact with environmental objects that have proven rewarding in earlier experience. However, it is common that such objects have no immediate strategic use and are therefore distracting. Do these reward-associated real-world objects capture our attention, despite our strategic efforts otherwise? Or are we able to strategically control the impulse to notice them? Here we use machine learning classification of human electrical brain activity to show that we can establish strategic control over the salience of naturalistic reward-associated objects. These objects draw our attention, but do not necessarily capture it, and this kind of control may play an important role in mediating conditions like eating disorder and addiction.
Although computer vision syndromes are becoming a major public health concern, less emphasis is given to them, particularly in developing countries. There are primary studies on different continents; however, there are inconsistent findings in prevalence among the primary studies. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to estimate the pooled prevalence of computer vision syndrome. In this study, the review was developed using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Online electronic databases, including PubMed/Medline, CINAHL, and Google Scholar, were used to retrieve published and unpublished studies. The study was conducted from December 1 to April 9/2022. Study selection, quality assessment, and data extraction were performed independently by two authors. Quality assessment of the studies was performed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Meta-Analysis of Statistics Assessment and Review Instrument tool. Heterogeneity was assessed using the statistical test I2. STATA 14 software was used for statistical analysis. A total of 7,35 studies were retrieved, and 45 studies were included in the final meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of computer vision syndrome was 66% (95% CI: 59, 74). Subgroup analysis based on country was highest in Pakistan (97%, 95% CI: 96, 98) and lowest in Japan (12%, 95% CI: 9, 15). Subgroup analysis based on country showed that studies in Saudi Arabia (I2 = 99.41%, p value < 0.001), Ethiopia (I2 = 72.6%, p value < 0.001), and India (I2 = 98.04%, p value < 0.001) had significant heterogeneity. In the sensitivity analysis, no single study unduly influenced the overall effect estimate. Nearly two in three participants had computer vision syndrome. Thus, preventive practice strategic activities for computer vision syndrome are important interventions.
Background. Unrecognized visual deficits (VDs) following an acquired brain injury (ABI) may impact clients' rehabilitation. Little is known about evaluation tools used in vision rehabilitation. Purpose. To systematically explore the literature describing evaluation tools used for VD on adults with ABI. Method. Using a scoping review methodology, we searched in MEDLINE(Ovid), Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and the grey literature from inception to 2020. Quantitative and thematic analyses were performed. Findings. Of the 83 studies reporting on 86 evaluation tools, 47% used multiple tools to assess VD. Tools were mostly used by occupational therapists and psychologists to evaluate intermediate, intermediate to high, and high-level visual skills. Clinicians tend to select specific tools that focus on different levels of the hierarchy of visual skills. Implications. Future research should investigate the optimal timeframe for assessment of VD and the psychometric properties of tools to ensure comprehensive VD evaluation.
Development of computer vision algorithms using convolutional neural networks and deep learning has necessitated ever greater amounts of annotated and labelled data to produce high performance models. Large, public data sets have been instrumental in pushing forward computer vision by providing the data necessary for training. However, many computer vision applications cannot rely on general image data provided in the available public datasets to train models, instead requiring labelled image data that is not readily available in the public domain on a large scale. At the same time, acquiring such data from the real world can be difficult, costly to obtain, and manual labour intensive to label in large quantities. Because of this, synthetic image data has been pushed to the forefront as a potentially faster and cheaper alternative to collecting and annotating real data. This review provides general overview of types of synthetic image data, as categorised by synthesised output, common methods of synthesising different types of image data, existing applications and logical extensions, performance of synthetic image data in different applications and the associated difficulties in assessing data performance, and areas for further research.
Synaptic loss, neuronal death, and circuit remodeling are common features of central nervous system neurodegenerative disorders. Retinitis pigmentosa (RP), the leading cause of inherited blindness, is a group of retinal dystrophies characterized by photoreceptor dysfunction and death. The insulin receptor, a key controller of metabolism, also regulates neuronal survival and synaptic formation, maintenance, and activity. Indeed, deficient insulin receptor signaling has been implicated in several brain neurodegenerative pathologies. We present evidence linking impaired insulin receptor signaling with RP. We describe a selective decrease in the levels of the insulin receptor and its downstream effector phospho-S6 in retinal horizontal cell terminals in the rd10 mouse model of RP, as well as aberrant synapses between rod photoreceptors and the postsynaptic terminals of horizontal and bipolar cells. A gene therapy strategy to induce sustained proinsulin, the insulin precursor, production restored retinal insulin receptor signaling, by increasing S6 phosphorylation, without peripheral metabolic consequences. Moreover, proinsulin preserved photoreceptor synaptic connectivity and prolonged visual function in electroretinogram and optomotor tests. These findings point to a disease-modifying role of insulin receptor and support the therapeutic potential of proinsulin in retinitis pigmentosa.
Adolescent scoliosis is one of the most common surgical disorders of the pediatric spine. With timely detection and early treatment, most scoliotic children can avoid major and expensive surgery. Vision problems are also frequently found at an early age and can take a toll on individuals quality of life. However, scoliosis, a severe health hazard to adolescents, is often accompanied by vision problems clinically, including myopia, astigmatism, strabismus, amblyopia, horizontal paralysis, and blindness. And people with genetic defects have a higher probability of suffering both spinal problems and vision problems than those with nongenetic defects. However, many individuals viewed scoliosis and vision problems as 2 irrelevant diseases. This review searched PubMed, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Web of Science for studies on adolescent, scoliosis, eye diseases, myopia, strabismus, spinal disorders, and vision problems for almost 3 decades, and thus confirmed the potential relationship between adolescent scoliosis and vision problems.
The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a highly specialized monolayer of polarized, pigmented epithelial cells that resides between the vessels of the choriocapillaris and the neural retina. The RPE is essential for the maintenance and survival of overlying light-sensitive photoreceptors, as it participates in the formation of the outer blood-retinal barrier, phagocytosis, degradation of photoreceptor outer segment (POS) tips, maintenance of the retinoid cycle, and protection against light and oxidative stress. Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved 'self-eating' process, designed to maintain cellular homeostasis. The daily autophagy demands in the RPE require precise gene regulation for the digestion and recycling of intracellular and POS components in lysosomes in response to light and stress conditions. In this review, we discuss selective autophagy and focus on the recent advances in our understanding of the mechanism of cell clearance in the RPE for visual function. Understanding how this catabolic process is regulated by both transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms in the RPE will promote the recognition of pathological pathways in genetic disease and shed light on potential therapeutic strategies to treat visual impairments in patients with retinal disorders associated with lysosomal dysfunction.
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