Biogenic iron(III) minerals (BIM) widely occur in aquatic systems. However, characteristics and mechanisms of As sequestration by biogenic biphasic Fe(III) minerals (Bio-bi-minerals) are not clearly understood. We investigated characteristics of Bio-bi-minerals induced by Pseudogulbenkiania sp. strain 2002 and explored their As sequestration mechanisms by monitoring particle morphology, mineralogical composition, and As binding properties. Results showed that Fe(II) oxidation (about 3 mM) by Pseudogulbenkiania sp. strain 2002 under growth condition produced biogenic ferrihydrite-goethite biphasic Fe(III) minerals (Fh-Gt Bio-bi-minerals), which showed better performance in As immobilization compared to corresponding biogenic monophasic Fe(III) minerals (Bio-mono-minerals). Decreased particle size, increased abundance of ferrihydrite and occurrence of bidentate mononuclear edge-sharing (2E) and monodentate mononuclear edge-sharing As complexes (1V) contributed to enhanced As immobilization by Fh-Gt Bio-bi-minerals. We suggest that the Bio-bi-minerals have the potential to illuminate As biogeochemical cycles in aquatic systems and to remediate As and nitrate co-contaminated groundwater.

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The adsorption of thallium (Tl) onto phyllosilicate minerals plays a critical role in the retention of Tl in soils and sediments and the potential transfer of Tl into plants and groundwater. Especially micaceous minerals are thought to strongly bind monovalent Tl(I), in analogy to their strong binding of Cs. To advance the understanding of Tl(I) adsorption onto phyllosilicate minerals, we studied the adsorption of Tl(I) onto Na- and K-saturated illite and Na-saturated smectite, two muscovites, two vermiculites and a naturally Tl-enriched soil clay mineral fraction. Macroscopic adsorption isotherms were combined with the characterization of the adsorbed Tl by X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). In combination, the results suggest that the adsorption of Tl(I) onto phyllosilicate minerals can be interpreted in terms of three major uptake paths: (i) highest-affinity inner-sphere adsorption of dehydrated Tl+ on a very low number of adsorption sites at the wedge of frayed particle edges of illite and around collapsed zones in vermiculite interlayers through complexation between two siloxane cavities, (ii) intermediate-affinity inner-sphere adsorption of partially dehydrated Tl+ on the planar surfaces of illite and muscovite through complexation onto siloxane cavities, (iii) low-affinity adsorption of hydrated Tl+, especially in the hydrated interlayers of smectite and expanded vermiculite. At the frayed edges of illite particles and in the vermiculite interlayer, Tl uptake can lead to the formation of new wedge sites that enable further adsorption of dehydrated Tl+. On the soil clay fraction, a shift in Tl(I) uptake from frayed edge sites (on illite) to planar sites (on illite and muscovite) was observed with increasing Tl(I) loading. The results from this study show that the adsorption of Tl(I) onto phyllosilicate minerals follows the same trends as reported for Cs and Rb and thus suggests that concepts to describe the retention of (radio)cesium by different types of phyllosilicate minerals in soils, sediments and rocks are also applicable to Tl(I).

Secondary minerals (clays and metal oxides) are important components of the soil matrix. Clay minerals affect soil carbon persistence and cycling, and they also select for distinct microbial communities. Here we show that soil mineral assemblages-particularly short-range order minerals-affect both bacterial community composition and taxon-specific growth. Three soils with different parent material and presence of short-range order minerals were collected from ecosystems with similar vegetation and climate. These three soils were provided with 18O-labeled water and incubated with or without artificial root exudates or pine needle litter. Quantitative stable isotope probing was used to determine taxon-specific growth. We found that the growth of bacteria varied among soils of different mineral assemblages but found the trend of growth suppression in the presence of short-range order minerals. Relative growth of bacteria declined with increasing concentration of short-range order minerals between 25-36% of taxa present in all soils. Carbon addition in the form of plant litter or root exudates weakly affected relative growth of taxa (p = 0.09) compared to the soil type (p < 0.01). However, both exudate and litter carbon stimulated growth for at least 34% of families in the soils with the most and least short-range order minerals. In the intermediate short-range order soil, fresh carbon reduced growth for more bacterial families than were stimulated. These results highlight how bacterial-mineral-substrate interactions are critical to soil organic carbon processing, and how growth variation in bacterial taxa in these interactions may contribute to soil carbon persistence and loss.

The present study was to evaluate the effect of trace minerals (Zn, Mn, and Cu) from complexed amino acid minerals (ZMCAA) and bis-glycinate chelated minerals (ZMCGly) in laying hen diets on performance, internal and external egg quality, yolk mineral deposition, intestinal morphometry, and bone characteristics. From 78 to 98 weeks of age, 400 White LSL-Lite strain laying hens were distributed in a randomized design with 4 treatments with 10 replicates per treatment. Treatments were distributed in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement using either Zn, Mn, and Cu of ZMCAA or ZMCGly source at 2 levels: low (20, 20, and 3.5 mg/kg of Zn, Mn, and Cu, respectively) or high (40, 40, and 7 mg/kg of Zn, Mn, and Cu, respectively). The analysis of variance was performed, and in cases where differences were observed, the means were compared using Tukey's test (P < 0.05). The source and level of trace mineral supplementation had a significant impact on the performance of laying hens. Hens fed ZMCAA had higher egg production (P = 0.01), egg weight (P = 0.02), egg mass (P = 0.01), and lower feed conversion ratio (P = 0.05) compared to those fed ZMCGly. The ZMCAA supplementation showed higher albumen height (P = 0.01), albumen weight (P = 0.01), and eggshell thickness (P < 0.01). The deposition of Zn (P < 0.01), Mn (P < 0.01), and Cu (P < 0.01) in the egg yolk was greater for hens received ZMCAA. Tibia weight (P = 0.04) and bone densitometry (P < 0.01) in the tibia were higher with ZMCAA supplementation. In the small intestine, ZMCAA resulted in longer villi (P = 0.02) and shorter crypt depth (P = 0.01) in the duodenum. Jejunum and ileum measurements were influenced by the level and source of trace minerals (P < 0.05). Laying hens fed ZMCAA exhibited superior performance, egg quality, deposition of trace minerals in the egg yolk, and bone density compared to hens fed ZMCGly. In this study, older laying hens supplemented with ZMCAA at lower levels demonstrated adequate levels of supplementation.

The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of dietary deficiency and supplementation of calcium, zinc, copper, cobalt, manganese or selenium on minerals content in the longissimus dorsi (LD), biceps femoris (BF) and triceps brachii (TB) of grazing Mongolian sheep.

Adsorption of extracellular enzymes to soil minerals is assumed to protect them against degradation, while modifying their activities at the same time. However, the persistence of the activity of adsorbed enzymes remains poorly understood. Therefore, we studied the persistence of cellulase and α-amylase activities after adsorption to soil amended with various amounts (+1, +5, and +10 wt.%) of three typical soil minerals, montmorillonite, kaolinite, and goethite. Soil without mineral addition (pure soil), pure minerals, and pure dissolved enzymes were used as references. Soil mineral-enzyme complexes were prepared and then incubated for 100 days; temporal changes in enzyme activities were analyzed after 0, 0.1, 1, 10, and 100 days. The specific enzyme activities (activities normalized to protein content) and their persistence (activities relative to activities at day 0) were compared to enzyme activities in solution and after sorption to the control soil. Amylase adsorption to pure minerals increased in the following order: montmorillonite > kaolinite > goethite. That of cellulase increased in the following order: goethite > montmorillonite > kaolinite. Adsorption of enzymes to soils did not increase in the same order of magnitude as the addition of reactive binding sites. Based on inverse relationships between the amount of enzyme adsorbed and the specific enzyme activity and their persistency, we showed that a limited availability of sorption sites is important for high specific activity and persistence of the enzymes. This is probably the consequence of less and weaker bonds, as compared to a high availability of sorption sites, resulting in a smaller impact on the active sites of the enzyme. Hence, we suppose that the soil mineral phase supports microorganisms in less-sorptive environments by saving energy on enzyme production, since small enzyme release could already result in sufficient activities to degrade respective target carbon substrates.

In this study, the aim was to prepare drug-releasing clay mineral particles using raw (CaMt) and purified (PMt) montmorillonite and to compare and determine the effects of purification on the properties of montmorillonite. Montmorillonite clay minerals are used in several pharmaceutical and cosmetic products due to their many favorable properties, such as cation exchange capacity, adsorption capability, high specific surface area, and biocompatibility. Recently, several types of clay minerals have been widely studied for drug delivery applications due to their unique properties. The purification of montmorillonite is considered as a potentially useful step which may decrease the toxicity of impurities but which may increase the adsorption capacity of the montmorillonite. However, the effects on the toxicity and drug-release properties of purified montmorillonite have never been compared to that of raw montmorillonite. Montmorillonite was purified through decomposition of carbonates, dissolution of hydroxides, oxidation of organic materials, dialysis, and sedimentation. The raw and the purified montmorillonite were characterized using XRD, FTIR, and cation exchange capacities. Then, the cytotoxicity of raw and purified montmorillonite on normal hFOB cells was investigated to assess their biocompatibility in vitro. Finally, the efficacy of montmorillonite as a drug-delivering agent was investigated in vitro using cytotoxicity assays with the MCF7 cell line. The antitumor drug doxorubicin was loaded onto particles through electrostatic forces at 97.99% for CaMt and 96.79% for PMt. The drug-loading efficiency and release behavior of both clay minerals were determined. Results showed that both raw and purified montmorillonite did not significantly reduce the viability of normal cells at low concentrations (<500 μg/mL). At high concentrations, both raw and purified montmorillonite showed significant toxicity and the effect of impurities on toxicity were also more pronounced. Although drug loading was successful for both clay minerals there were differences in their controlled drug-release behavior. Doxorubicin-loaded raw and purified clay minerals significantly reduced MCF7 cell viability similar to pure DOX.

An unidentified environmental reservoir of infectivity contributes to the natural transmission of prion diseases (transmissible spongiform encephalopathies [TSEs]) in sheep, deer, and elk. Prion infectivity may enter soil environments via shedding from diseased animals and decomposition of infected carcasses. Burial of TSE-infected cattle, sheep, and deer as a means of disposal has resulted in unintentional introduction of prions into subsurface environments. We examined the potential for soil to serve as a TSE reservoir by studying the interaction of the disease-associated prion protein (PrP(Sc)) with common soil minerals. In this study, we demonstrated substantial PrP(Sc) adsorption to two clay minerals, quartz, and four whole soil samples. We quantified the PrP(Sc)-binding capacities of each mineral. Furthermore, we observed that PrP(Sc) desorbed from montmorillonite clay was cleaved at an N-terminal site and the interaction between PrP(Sc) and Mte was strong, making desorption of the protein difficult. Despite cleavage and avid binding, PrP(Sc) bound to Mte remained infectious. Results from our study suggest that PrP(Sc) released into soil environments may be preserved in a bioavailable form, perpetuating prion disease epizootics and exposing other species to the infectious agent.

Quantification of natural carbonate minerals, namely, aragonite, high- and low-Mg calcite, and dolomite provides essential information about biomineralization, carbon cycling on Earth, and the evolution of ocean chemistry, and is also useful in many other scientific, pharmaceutical, and industrial fields. However, X-ray diffractometer has previously been the only practical tool to identify and quantify carbonate minerals, including calcium carbonate (CaCO3) polymorphs. We propose new fingerprint terahertz (THz) absorption and reflective index spectra in the 1-6 THz range that probe the lattice phonon modes and can be used for sensitive quantification of these four carbonate minerals, including polymorphs. In THz time-domain spectroscopy with our unique attenuated total reflection system, high- and low-Mg calcite and aragonite show different absorbance and reflective index amplitudes at 3.32 THz, which corresponds to the transverse optic mode. Dolomite shows a distinct absorbance peak and reflective index at 4.82 THz because its space group (R3̅) is different from that of calcite (R3̅c). THz absorbance and reflective index curves of the mixed carbonate materials, which typically occur in natural environments, correspond well to the curves calculated from the results of single-mineral samples (R 2 > 0.98). Remarkably, the absorbance and reflective index can quantify small fractions (<1%) of low-Mg calcite in an aragonite matrix with high linearity (R 2 = 0.99). Our findings provide a new method for screening low-Mg calcite diagenetic overprints on primary aragonitic skeletons such as corals, which is crucial for climate reconstructions using the isotopic analyses because a 1% overprint can cause estimated temperature deviations of ∼1 °C. THz spectra of carbonate minerals offer not only a new high-sensitivity quantification tool for interdisciplinary fields, but also safer light-source handling than X-ray diffractometer.

Long since, people tried to solve the mystery of the way that led to the appearance and propagation of living entities. However, no harmonious understanding of this mystery existed, because neither the scientifically grounded source minerals nor the ambient conditions were proposed and because it was groundlessly taken that the process of living matter origination is endothermal. The Life Origination Hydrate Theory (LOH-Theory) first suggests the chemical way capable of leading from the specified abundant natural minerals to origination of multitudes of multitudes of simplest living entities and gives an original explanation for the phenomena of chirality and racemization delay. The LOH-Theory covers the period up to origination of the genetic code. The LOH-Theory is grounded on the following three discoveries based on the available information and on the results of our experimental works performed using original instrumentation and computer simulations. (1) There is the only one triad of natural minerals applicable for exothermal thermodynamically possible chemical syntheses of simplest living-matter components. (2) N-base, ribose, and phosphdiester radicals and nucleic acids as whole are size-compatible with structural gas-hydrate cavities. (3) The gas-hydrate structure arises around amido-groups in cooled undisturbed systems consisting of water and highly-concentrated functional polymers with amido-groups.The natural conditions and historic periods favorable for simplest living matter origination are revealed. The LOH-Theory is supported by results of observations, biophysical and biochemical experiments, and wide application of original three-dimensional and two-dimensional computer simulations of biochemical structures within gas-hydrate matrix. The instrumentation and procedures for experimental verification of the LOH-Theory are suggested. If future experiments are successful, they, possibly, could be the first step on the way to industrial synthesis of food from minerals, i.e., to execution of the work that is performed by plants.

Pasta is a product that requires culinary processing which can affect the content of minerals in the finished product. The study aimed to examine how cooking pasta (1) in salted water (1 teaspoon-16 g of salt per 1 litre of water) or unsalted water and (2) rinsing cooked pasta with running water affects the content of minerals. Thirty-five samples of six types of pasta were analysed. The content of minerals was determined using the ICP-OES method. Retention of minerals in the cooked pasta was calculated. Taking the culinary treatment into account, the intake of minerals with pasta was assessed for children, adolescents, and adults, and the values were compared with the recommendations for the population of Poland. The analysed culinary factors had a statistically significant influence on the content of minerals. Adding salt to water when cooking pasta significantly increased the content of Na in the product, which in turn was negatively correlated with the content of other minerals. When pasta was cooked in unsalted water, it contained less Na and more other minerals than pasta cooked in salted water. Rinsing of pasta reduced the content of all minerals. Pasta is an important source of Mg, Cu, and Mn in the diet of Poles. These ingredients are particularly important to ensure correct development and functioning of the human body. The best method of culinary treatment of pasta is cooking in unsalted water without rinsing.

Fluid flow in porous rocks is commonly capillary driven and thus, dependent on the surface characteristics of rock grains and in particular the connectivity of corners and crevices in which fluids reside. Traditional microfluidic fabrication techniques do not provide a connected pathway of crevices that are essential to mimic multiphase flow in rocks. Here, geo-material microfluidic devices with connected pathways of corners and crevices were created by functionalising Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) with rock minerals. A novel fabrication process that provides attachment of rock minerals onto PDMS was demonstrated. The geo-material microfluidic devices were compared to carbonate and sandstone rocks by using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), contact angle measurements, and a surface profilometer. Based on SEM coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM-EDS) analyses, roughness measurements, contact angle, wettability, and roughness were comparable to real rocks. In addition, semivariograms showed that mineral deposition across the different geo-material devices was nearly isotropic. Lastly, important multiphase flow phenomena, such as snap-off and corner flow mechanisms, equivalent to those occurring in reservoir rocks have been visualised. The presented approach can be used to visualise rock-fluid interactions that are relevant to subsurface engineering applications, such as hydrocarbon recovery and CO2 sequestration.

DNA purification is essential for the detection of human clinical specimens. A non-destructive, controllable, and low reagent consuming DNA extraction method is described. Negatively charged DNA is absorbed onto a negatively charged montmorillonite to achieve non-destructive DNA extraction based on cation bridge construction and electric double layer formation. Different valence cation modified montmorillonite forms were used to validate the charge-dependent nature of DNA adsorption on montmorillonite. Electric double layer thickness thinning/thickening with the high/lower valence cations exists, and the minerals tended to be sedimentation-stable due to the Van der Waals attraction/electrostatic repulsion. Li-modified montmorillonite with the lowest charge states showed the best DNA adsorption efficiency of 8-10 ng/μg. Charge-dependent regulating research provides a new perspective for controllable DNA extraction and a deep analysis of interface engineering mechanisms.

With an increased use of color dye in textile industries and elevated fabrics output, more scientific studies and technology developments are needed to effectively treat wastewater containing dyes. However, better understanding of the interactions between dyes and suspended solids is a necessity to advance such developments. In this study the interactions between rhodamine 6G (R6G), a cationic dye, and different types of clays minerals, commonly found in the wastewater sludge, were elucidated. The uptake of R6G on the clay minerals was attributed to cation exchange on the external surfaces of non-swelling clays, and at both external and interlayer spaces for swelling clays. In the interlayer of montmorillonite, the R6G molecules form monolayer and bilayer configurations under low and high uptake levels. The significant amounts of R6G uptake indicate that clay minerals are good sorbents for the removal of cationic dyes from water. And the R6G could be readily removed in wastewater treatment by adding small amount of clays and flocculated the clays out.

Seaweeds are well-known for their exceptional capacity to accumulate essential minerals and trace elements needed for human nutrition, although their levels are commonly very variable depending on their morphological features, environmental conditions, and geographic location. Despite this variability, accumulation of Mg, and especially Fe, seems to be prevalent in Chlorophyta, while Rhodophyta and Phaeophyta accumulate higher concentrations of Mn and I, respectively. Both red and brown seaweeds also tend to accumulate higher concentrations of Na, K, and Zn than green seaweeds. Their valuable mineral content grants them great potential for application in the food industry as new ingredients for the development of numerous functional food products. Indeed, many studies have already shown that seaweeds can be used as NaCl replacers in common foods while increasing their content in elements that are oftentimes deficient in European population. In turn, high concentrations of some elements, such as I, need to be carefully addressed when evaluating seaweed consumption, since excessive intake of this element was proven to have negative impacts on health. In this regard, studies point out that although very bioaccessible, I bioavailability seems to be low, contrarily to other elements, such as Na, K, and Fe. Another weakness of seaweed consumption is their capacity to accumulate several toxic metals, which can pose some health risks. Therefore, considering the current great expansion of seaweed consumption by the Western population, specific regulations on this subject should be laid down. This review presents an overview of the mineral content of prevalent edible European macroalgae, highlighting the main factors interfering in their accumulation. Furthermore, the impact of using these marine vegetables as functional ingredients or NaCl replacers in foods will be discussed. Finally, the relationship between macroalgae's toxic metals content and the lack of European legislation to regulate them will be addressed.

Hexachlorobenzene (HCB), a representative of hydrophobic organic chemicals (HOC), belongs to the group of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) that can have harmful effects on humans and other biota. Sorption processes in soils and sediments largely determine the fate of HCB and the risks arising from the compound in the environment. In this context, especially HOC-organic matter interactions are intensively studied, whereas knowledge of HOC adsorption to mineral phases (e.g., clay minerals) is comparatively limited. In this work, we performed batch adsorption experiments of HCB on a set of twelve phyllosilicate mineral sorbents that comprised several smectites, kaolinite, hectorite, chlorite, vermiculite, and illite. The effect of charge and size of exchangeable cations on HCB adsorption was studied using the source clay montmorillonite STx-1b after treatment with nine types of alkali (M+: Li, K, Na, Rb, Cs) and alkaline earth metal cations (M2+: Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba). Molecular modeling simulations based on density functional theory (DFT) calculations to reveal the effect of different cations on the adsorption energy in a selected HCB-clay mineral system accompanied this study. Results for HCB adsorption to minerals showed a large variation of solid-liquid adsorption constants Kd over four orders of magnitude (log Kd 0.9-3.3). Experiments with cation-modified montmorillonite resulted in increasing HCB adsorption with decreasing hydrated radii of exchangeable cations (log Kd 1.3-3.8 for M+ and 1.3-1.4 for M2+). DFT calculations predicted (gas phase) adsorption energies (- 76 to - 24 kJ mol-1 for M+ and - 96 to - 71 kJ mol-1 for M2+) showing a good correlation with Kd values for M2+-modified montmorillonite, whereas a discrepancy was observed for M+-modified montmorillonite. Supported by further calculations, this indicated that the solvent effect plays a relevant role in the adsorption process. Our results provide insight into the influence of minerals on HOC adsorption using HCB as an example and support the relevance of minerals for the environmental fate of HOCs such as for long-term source/sink phenomena in soils and sediments.

Vibrio cholerae is a water-borne pathogen responsible for causing a toxin-mediated profuse diarrhea in humans, leading to severe dehydration and death in unattended patients. With increasing reports of antibiotic resistance in V. cholerae, there is a need for alternate interventional strategies for controlling cholera. A potential new strategy for treating infectious diseases involves targeting bacterial virulence rather than growth, where a pathogen's specific mechanisms critical for causing infection in hosts are inhibited. Since bacterial motility, intestinal colonization and cholera toxin are critical components in V. cholerae pathogenesis, attenuating these virulence factors could potentially control cholera in humans. In this study, the efficacy of sub-inhibitory concentration (SIC, highest concentration not inhibiting bacterial growth) of essential minerals, zinc (Zn), selenium (Se), and manganese (Mn) in reducing V. cholerae motility and adhesion to intestinal epithelial cells (Caco-2), cholera toxin production, and toxin binding to the ganglioside receptor (GM1) was investigated. Additionally, V. cholerae attachment and toxin production in an ex vivo mouse intestine model was determined. Further, the effect of Zn, Se and Mn on V. cholerae virulence genes, ctxAB (toxin production), fliA (motility), tcpA (intestinal colonization), and toxR (master regulon) was determined using real-time quantitative PCR. All three minerals significantly reduced V. cholerae motility, adhesion to Caco-2 cells, and cholera toxin production in vitro, and decreased adhesion and toxin production in mouse intestine ex vivo (P < 0.05). In addition, Zn, Se, and Mn down-regulated the transcription of virulence genes, ctxAB, fliA, and toxR. Results suggest that Zn, Se, and Mn could be potentially used to reduce V. cholerae virulence. However, in vivo studies in an animal model are necessary to validate these results.

Our investigation focused on identifying melanogenesis effect of soluble minerals in rice bran ash extract (RBE) which include orthosilicic acid (OSA). Melanocytes were apparently normal in terms of morphology. It was, however, shown that they were stressed a little in the RBE and OSA added media in aspect of LDH activity. Melanin synthesis and intracellular tyrosinase activity were increased by treatment of RBE which is similar to that of OSA. The Western blotting results showed that TRP-1, tyrosinase, and MITF expression levels were 2-3 times higher in the OSA and RBE groups compared to the control group which promoted melanin synthesis through CREB phosphorylation. Moreover, histology and immunohistochemistry were shown to have similar result to that of protein expression. As a result, minerals which comprise orthosilicic acid has the potential to promote melanogenesis and both RBE and OSA have similar cell viability, protein expression, and immunostaining results, suggesting that RBE comprises specific minerals which promote melanin synthesis through increasing of MITF and CREB phosphorylation. Therefore, RBE could be used as a novel therapeutic approach to combat melanin deficiency related diseases by stimulating melanocytes via its soluble Si and mineral components.

The study aimed at determination of the mineral composition of slimming herbal teas and estimation of the coverage of their total intake with infusions in women's daily diet. The content of Na+, K+, Ca+2, Mg+2, Zn+2, Cu+2, Fe+2, and Mn+2 was determined in infusions and mineralisates obtained from the slimming herbal teas. Among macroelements, the highest content was recorded for Ca-on average 3.73 mg·100 ml-1 in its infusion. Mn was a microelement with the highest concentration amounting to 0.20 mg·100 ml-1 in the infusion. The investigations revealed that, referring to the dietary reference intakes (DRIs), weight loss herbal infusions cover the recommended daily intake of manganese for women to the highest extent (on average 54 %), which suggests that they can be a major source of this microelement for the organism. Herbal teas only to a slight extent (to approx. 4 %) covered the recommended daily intake of magnesium, sodium, potassium, iron, zinc, copper, and calcium in the daily diet.