Kidney stone also known as urolithiasis or nephrolithiasis, is one of the oldest diseases known to medicine, however, the gene expression changes and related kidney injury remains unclear.

To assess if autosegmentation-assisted radiomics can predict disease burden, hydronephrosis, and treatment strategies in patients with renal calculi.

Thiazide diuretics reduce the risk of recurrent kidney calculi in patients with kidney calculi or hypercalciuria. However, whether thiazide diuretics can definitely prevent recurrent kidney calculi remains unclear. We aimed to evaluate the effect and safety of thiazide diuretics on recurrent kidney calculi.

The study aims to evaluate the incidence and factors associated with acute kidney injury (AKI) among patients presenting with ureteric calculi. We also intend to study the impact of time delay since first symptom to presentation to our hospital among patients with ureteric calculi and its influence on AKI.

The current study was carried out to determine whether the aqueous-ethanolic extract or the butanolic fraction of Nigella sativa (NS) seeds could prevent or reduce calculi aggregation in experimental calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis in Wistar rats.

To explore long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), mRNA and circular RNA (circRNA) expression profiles and their biological functions in the pathogenesis of kidney stones in ethylene glycol-induced urolithiasis rats.

To explore whether Stromal Interaction Molecule-1 (STIM1) participates in the phenotypic transformation of NRK-52E cells under high-calcium microenvironment.

Bryophyllum pinnatum, commonly known as Pattharcaṭṭa, is used traditionally in ethnomedicinal practices for the treatment of kidney stone and urinary insufficiency.

Due to the aging population, the number of completely bedridden individuals is expected to increase, and such individuals are at high risk of developing urinary calculi. This retrospective study included 32 consecutive bedridden patients, who had undergone endoscopic lithotripsy between 2010 and 2019, and aimed to identify the treatment outcomes of endoscopic lithotripsy for bedridden patients. A total of 45 endoscopic lithotripsies were performed to treat stones (median cumulative diameter, 24 mm). The stone-free rate (SFR) < 4 mm and complete SFR (0 mm) were achieved in 81% and 63% of patients, respectively. Postoperatively, 10 patients (22%) developed symptoms of systemic inflammatory response syndrome, and three patients (7%) had bloodstream infections. Except for one patient (3%) having a retained ureteral stent ultimately died from septic shock, drainage tube-free discharge was achieved in all patients. The 2-year cumulative incidence of stone-related events, and overall mortality rate, were 18% and 27%, respectively. Endoscopic lithotripsy is well tolerated and is associated with a high success rate, even with severe comorbidities and a relatively large stone burden. Physicians should consider performing endoscopic lithotripsy in bedridden patients with symptomatic urinary calculi regardless of their relatively short life expectancy and the remote risk of perioperative mortality.

Although numerous studies have been done to evaluate the diagnostic value of ultrasonography in diagnosis of renal calculi in children, there is still no consensus. Therefore, in the present systematic review and meta-analysis, we aimed to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of ultrasonography in identifying renal stones in children.

Population in an industrialized world is afflicted by urinary stone disease. Kidney stones are common in all kinds of urolithiasis. One distinguished formulation mentioned by Sushruta for management of Ashmari (urolithiasis) is Pashanabhedadi Ghrita (PBG), which is in clinical practice since centuries. Validation of drug is the requirement of time through the experimental study. In this study, trial of PBG has been made against ammonium oxalate rich diet and gentamicin injection induced renal calculi in albino rats. The calculi were induced by gentamicin injection and ammonium oxalate rich diet. Test drug was administered concomitantly in the dose of 900 mg/kg for 15 consecutive days. Rats were sacrificed on the 16(th) day. Parameters like kidney weight, serum biochemical, kidney tissue and histopathology of kidney were studied. Concomitant treatment of PBG attenuates blood biochemical parameters non-significantly, where as it significantly attenuated lipid peroxidation and enhanced glutathione and glutathione peroxidase activities. It also decreased crystal deposition markedly into the renal tubules in number as well as size and prevented damage to the renal tubules. The findings showed that PBG is having significant anti-urolithiatic activities against ammonium oxalate rich diet plus gentamicine injection induced urolithiasis in rats.

Launaea procumbens Linn. is a plant commonly found in the west India and has been reported to decrease the renal calculi. This study investigated the anti-urolithiatic activity of L. procumbens against ethylene glycol-induced urolithiasis and its possible underlying mechanisms. The crude methanolic extract of L. procumbens leaves was studied using ethylene glycol-induced renal calculi in rat model. Results indicate that ethylene glycol feeding to rats resulted in to hyper oxaluria, hypercalciuria, as well as increased renal excretion of phosphate. Supplementation with methanolic extract of L. procumbens leaves (MELP) significantly prevented changes in urinary calcium, oxalate and phosphate excretion dose-dependently. The increased calcium and oxalate level and number of calcium oxalate crystal in the kidney tissue of calculogenic rats were significantly reverted by supplementation with MELP. The MELP supplementation also prevents the impairment of renal functions. The mechanism underlying this effect is mediated possibly through antioxidant nephroprotection and its effect on urinary concentration of stone forming constituents and risk factor.

Urolithiasis with high prevalence and recurrence rate, has impacts on kidney injury in patients, becomes a socioeconomic and healthcare problem in worldwide. However, the biology of kidney with crystal formation and proximal tubular injury remains essentially unclear. The present study aims to evaluate the cell biology and immune-communications in urolithiasis mediated kidney injury, to provide new insights in the kidney stone treatment and prevention.

Although primary vesical calculi is an ancient disease, the mechanism of calculi formation remains unclear. In this study, we established a novel primary vesical calculi model with d,l-choline tartrate in mice. Compared with commonly used melamine and ethylene glycol models, our model was the only approach that induced vesical calculi without causing kidney injury. Previous studies suggest that proteins in the daily diet are the main contributors to the prevention of vesical calculi, yet the effect of fat is overlooked. To assay the relationship of dietary fat with the formation of primary vesical calculi, d,l-choline tartrate-treated mice were fed a high-fat, low-fat, or normal-fat diet. Genetic changes in the mouse bladder were detected with transcriptome analysis. A high-fat diet remarkably reduced the morbidity of primary vesical calculi. Higher fatty acid levels in serum and urine were observed in the high-fat diet group, and more intact epithelia in bladder were observed in the same group compared with the normal- and low-fat diet groups, suggesting the protective effect of fatty acids on bladder epithelia to maintain its normal histological structure. Transcriptome analysis revealed that the macrophage differentiation-related gene C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 14 (Cxcl14) was upregulated in the bladders of high-fat diet-fed mice compared with those of normal- or low-fat diet-fed mice, which was consistent with histological observations. The expression of CXCL14 significantly increased in the bladder in the high-fat diet group. CXCL14 enhanced the recruitment of macrophages to the crystal nucleus and induced the transformation of M2 macrophages, which led to phagocytosis of budding crystals and prevented accumulation of calculi. In human bladder epithelia (HCV-29) cells, high fatty acid supplementation significantly increased the expression of CXCL14. Dietary fat is essential for the maintenance of physiological functions of the bladder and for the prevention of primary vesical calculi, which provides new ideas for the reduction of morbidity of primary vesical calculi.

The incidence of renal hemorrhage during percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is high. We sought to evaluate the effects of tranexamic acid (TXA) on bleeding and hemoglobin levels of patients with staghorn calculi treated with PCNL.

Urolithiasis remains a global problem. Despite the availability of numerous methods, no definite therapeutic agent has been yet introduced for the prevention or treatment of kidney stones. In this study, we evaluated the possible preventive effects of aqueous extract of Cichorium intybus L. (chicory) flowers on ethylene glycol-induced renal calculi in rats.

Retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS) is one of the main surgical methods for upper urinary calculi, but severe complications of infection may occur after surgery. This study aimed to establish and validate a preoperative nomogram for predicting postoperative urosepsis following retrograde intrarenal surgery to treat upper urinary calculus in patients with a negative preoperative urine culture. We retrospectively recruited 1767 patients with negative preoperative urine cultures who underwent retrograde intrarenal surgery to treat upper urinary calculi from January 2017 to April 2022. The independent risk factors for urosepsis include a solitary kidney, positive urine nitrite, operative time ≥ 75 min, history of recurrent urinary tract infections, and history of diabetes were identified by univariate analysis and multivariate binary logistic regression analysis, which construct a nomogram. The receiver operating characteristic curve of the nomogram for predicting urosepsis was 0.887 in the training cohort and 0.864 in the validation cohort, respectively. The calibration curve and decision curve analysis demonstrated great consistency and clinical utility of the nomogram. Therefore, the nomogram combining preoperative independent risk factors can predict the probability of a postoperative urosepsis following retrograde intrarenal surgery in patients with a negative preoperative urine culture, which could help urologists take preventive measures in advance after surgery to avoid more serious complications of infection.

We analyzed the results of single-use flexible ureteroscopy (su-fURS) with the holmium laser in treating renal stones associated with ectopic pelvic kidney (EPK). The study retrospectively analyzed data of 11 patients diagnosed with EPK and stone disease who underwent su-fURS between May 2017 and November 2019. The analyzed surgical data included the mean operation time, stone-free and complication rates, as well as hospitalization period. Disposable digital flexible ureteroscopes were exclusively used. The mean age was 55, with a 1.2:1 male to female ratio. The mean stone burden was 30±9 mm (ranging from 17 to 49 mm). The mean calculi digitized surface area (DSA) was 299±56 mm2 (ranging from 170 to 597 mm2). A ureteral access sheath was used in all 11 patients, and holmium laser lithotripsy was performed (dusting mode parameters: low energy - 0.5J, high frequency - 50 Hz, long pulse; pop-corn mode: high energy >1 J, medium frequency- 10-50 Hz, long pulse; fragmenting mode: high energy >1 J, low frequency <10 Hz, short pulse). The average operative time was 78±19 minutes (ranging from 68 to 144 minutes). The stone-free status (residual fragments <3 mm) after one session was 60.1%, 84.1% after the second session, and 94.4% after the third session. The hospitalization period was 29 hours (ranging from 17 to 39 hours). The overall complications rate (according to the Clavien-Dindo system) was 19.7%. Therefore, su-fURS represents an effective therapeutic approach characterized by a remarkably high stone-free rate and few complications in EPK-associated calculi.

Uric acid renal lithiasis has a high prevalence and a high rate of recurrence. Removal of uric acid stones can be achieved by several surgical techniques (extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, endoscopy, laparoscopy, open surgery). These stones can also be eliminated by dissolution within the kidneys, because the solubility of uric acid is much greater when the pH is above 6. At present, N-acetylcysteine with a urinary basifying agent is the only treatment proposed to increase the dissolution of uric acid stones. In this paper, we compare the effect of theobromine and N-acetylcysteine on the in vitro dissolution of uric acid calculi in artificial urine at pH 6.5.

Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) is considered one of the best choices for the treatment of various kinds of urinary tract calculi, although it might cause acute kidney injury.