Searching across hundreds of databases
This service exclusively searches for literature that cites resources. Please be aware that the total number of searchable documents is limited to those containing RRIDs and does not include all open-access literature.
Few reports exist on the differences in cell populations or immunological functions between the proximal and distal segments of the small intestine (SI). In the current contribution we analyzed the expression of the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR) and alpha chains as well as the density of IgA-producing cells from the proximal and distal intestinal segments from Balb/c mice. Furthermore, by using real-time RT-PCR we quantified the expression of cytokines (TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, IL-4 and TGF-beta), Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4), and the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) involved in pIgR expression in intestinal epithelial cells (IEC). In this study, for the first time it has been demonstrated that the expression of the pIgR as well as alpha chain was greater in the proximal than the distal segment of the small intestine of normal mice. Moreover, we found striking differences in the expression of cytokines at the different intestinal compartments. Whereas the expression of TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma and TGF-beta was higher in lamina propria lymphocytes (LPL) of the distal than proximal segment, it was higher in IEC of the proximal than distal segment. In contrast, the expression of the gene for IL-4 was higher in the LPL of the proximal segment and the IEC of the distal segment. Although the overall expression of TNF-alpha, IL-4, IFN-gamma and TGF-beta was higher in the whole mucosa of the distal than proximal segment, we propose that cytokines produced by epithelial cells (TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma and TGF-beta) autocrinally up-regulate the expression of mRNA for the pIgR. Finally the expression of the GR was higher in the proximal segment, while the expression of the gene for TLR-4 was significantly higher in the IEC of the distal than proximal segment. The higher expression of pIgR found in the proximal segment is probably related to the effect on epithelial cells of the higher production of TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma and TGF-beta, as well as the higher expression of the glucocorticoid receptors. The increased expression of pIgR in the proximal segment appears primarily responsible for the increased secretory IgA levels in the small intestine of mice. These results confirm and extend previous findings supporting the compartmentalization of the intestinal immune system.
Welcome to the FDI Lab - SciCrunch.org Resources search. From here you can search through a compilation of resources used by FDI Lab - SciCrunch.org and see how data is organized within our community.
You are currently on the Community Resources tab looking through categories and sources that FDI Lab - SciCrunch.org has compiled. You can navigate through those categories from here or change to a different tab to execute your search through. Each tab gives a different perspective on data.
If you have an account on FDI Lab - SciCrunch.org then you can log in from here to get additional features in FDI Lab - SciCrunch.org such as Collections, Saved Searches, and managing Resources.
Here is the search term that is being executed, you can type in anything you want to search for. Some tips to help searching:
You can save any searches you perform for quick access to later from here.
We recognized your search term and included synonyms and inferred terms along side your term to help get the data you are looking for.
If you are logged into FDI Lab - SciCrunch.org you can add data records to your collections to create custom spreadsheets across multiple sources of data.
Here are the facets that you can filter your papers by.
From here we'll present any options for the literature, such as exporting your current results.
If you have any further questions please check out our FAQs Page to ask questions and see our tutorials. Click this button to view this tutorial again.
Year:
Count:
The SciCrunch Infrastructure was developed as a cooperative data platform to be used by diverse communities in making data more FAIR.
scicrunch.org
