Eating disorders have serious psychological and physical consequences. Current evidence-based treatments for adolescents with eating disorders have modest effects, underscoring the need to improve current treatment approaches. Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) and dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) have been proposed as alternative treatment options, with burgeoning research in this area. This review aims to summarize and critically analyze the current literature on the feasibility, acceptability, effectiveness, and efficacy of CBT and DBT for adolescent eating disorders, and then proposes areas of future research.

Clients independently applying Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) skills is an important outcome of CBT-based treatments. The relationship between posttherapeutic CBT skills usage and clinical outcomes remains under-researched-especially after internet-delivered CBT (iCBT).

Current guidelines recommend cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) as the treatment of choice for binge eating disorder (BED). Although CBT is quite effective, a substantial number of patients do not reach abstinence from binge eating. To tackle this problem, various theoretical conceptualizations and treatment models have been proposed. Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), focusing on emotion regulation, is one such model. Preliminary evidence comparing DBT adapted for BED (DBT-BED) to CBT is promising but the available data do not favor one treatment over the other. The aim of this study is to evaluate outcome of DBT-BED, compared to a more intensive eating disorders-focused form of cognitive behavior therapy (CBT+), in individuals with BED who are overweight and engage in emotional eating.

Depression is common and results in a significant morbidity and economic burden. Depression is associated with pervasive impairments in social functioning, and antidepressant treatments are highly variable in improving these impairments. The objectives of this study were to test the effects of depression on social organization and behavior in a rodent model of depression, and to study the effectiveness of antidepressant medication in improving both symptoms of depression and the social function of depressed animals.

In a number of drug and psychotherapy comparative trials, psychotherapy-placebo combination has been assumed to represent psychotherapy. Whether psychotherapy plus pill placebo is the same as psychotherapy alone is an empirical question which however has to date never been examined systematically.

Expert guidelines recommend cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT) as a first-line treatment in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and the addition of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors when CBT is not effective. However, the recommendations for CBT non-responders are not supported by empirical data. Our objective was to investigate the effectiveness of sertraline (SRT) versus continued CBT in children and adolescents that did not respond to an initial course of CBT. Randomized controlled trial conducted in five sites in Denmark, Sweden and Norway, 54 children and adolescents, age 7-17 years, with DSM-IV primary OCD were randomized to SRT or continued CBT for 16 weeks. These participants had been classified as non-responders to CBT following 14 weekly sessions. Primary outcomes were the CY-BOCS total score and clinical response (CY-BOCS <16). The study was a part of the Nordic Long-Term OCD Treatment Study (NordLOTS). Intent-to-treat sample included 50 participants, mean age 14.0 (SD = 2.7) and 48 (n = 24) males. Twenty-one of 28 participants (75%) completed continued CBT and 15 of 22 participants (69.2%) completed SRT. Planned pairwise comparison of the CY-BOCS total score did not reveal a significant difference between the treatments (p = .351), the response rate was 50.0% in the CBT group and 45.4% in the SRT group. The multivariate χ (2) test suggested that there were no statistically significant differences between groups (p = .727). Within-group effect sizes were large and significant across both treatments. These large within-group effect sizes suggest that continued treatment for CBT non-responders is beneficial. However, there was no significant between-group differences in SRT or continued CBT at post-treatment.

Cognitive-behavioral interventions are the most extensively researched form of psychological treatment and are increasingly offered through the Internet. Internet-based interventions may save therapist time, reduce waiting-lists, cut traveling time, and reach populations with health problems who can not easily access other more traditional forms of treatments. We conducted a systematic review of twelve randomized controlled or comparative trials. Studies were identified through systematic searches in major bibliographical databases. Three studies focused on patients suffering from pain, three on headache, and six on other health problems. The effects found for Internet interventions targeting pain were comparable to the effects found for face-to-face treatments, and the same was true for interventions aimed at headache. The other interventions also showed some effects, although effects differed across target conditions. Internet-delivered cognitive-behavioral interventions are a promising addition and complement to existing treatments. The Internet will most likely assume a major role in the future delivery of cognitive-behavioral interventions to patients with health problems.

Digital mental health interventions offer a scalable solution that reduces barriers to seeking care for clinical depression and anxiety.

Patients with anxiety disorders exhibit excessive neural reactivity in the amygdala, which can be normalized by effective treatment like cognitive behavior therapy (CBT). Mechanisms underlying the brain's adaptation to anxiolytic treatments are likely related both to structural plasticity and functional response alterations, but multimodal neuroimaging studies addressing structure-function interactions are currently missing. Here, we examined treatment-related changes in brain structure (gray matter (GM) volume) and function (blood-oxygen level dependent, BOLD response to self-referential criticism) in 26 participants with social anxiety disorder randomly assigned either to CBT or an attention bias modification control treatment. Also, 26 matched healthy controls were included. Significant time × treatment interactions were found in the amygdala with decreases both in GM volume (family-wise error (FWE) corrected P(FWE) = 0.02) and BOLD responsivity (P(FWE) = 0.01) after successful CBT. Before treatment, amygdala GM volume correlated positively with anticipatory speech anxiety (P(FWE)=0.04), and CBT-induced reduction of amygdala GM volume (pre-post) correlated positively with reduced anticipatory anxiety after treatment (P(FWE) ⩽ 0.05). In addition, we observed greater amygdala neural responsivity to self-referential criticism in socially anxious participants, as compared with controls (P(FWE) = 0.029), before but not after CBT. Further analysis indicated that diminished amygdala GM volume mediated the relationship between decreased neural responsivity and reduced social anxiety after treatment (P=0.007). Thus, our results suggest that improvement-related structural plasticity impacts neural responsiveness within the amygdala, which could be essential for achieving anxiety reduction with CBT.

To investigate the association between cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) and dizziness.

Our aim was to compare the effects of Internet-delivered cognitive therapy (CT) and behavior therapy (BT) against a waitlist (WL) condition to better understand their unique contribution in the treatment of insomnia.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) on adherence to treatment and self-caring behavior in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD).

To investigate whether additional Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) combined with conventional therapy improves outcomes for patients with Persistent Postural-Perceptual Dizziness (PPPD) compared with conventional therapy alone.

Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) is widely regarded as an effective treatment for obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), but access to CBT therapists is limited. Internet-based CBT (ICBT) with therapist support is a way to increase access to CBT but has not been developed or tested for OCD. The aim of this study was to evaluate ICBT for OCD.

Early dramatic treatment response suggests a subset of patients who respond to treatment before most of it has been offered. These early responders tend to be over represented among those who are well at termination and at follow-up. Early response patterns in psychotherapy have been investigated only for a few of mental disorders so far. The main aim of the current study was to examine early response after five therapy-preparing sessions of a cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) for syndromes of medically unexplained symptoms (MUS).

Children with pain-related functional gastrointestinal disorders (P-FGIDs) have an increased risk for school absenteeism, depression, anxiety and low quality of life. Exposure-based cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) has shown large treatment effects in adults with irritable bowel syndrome, but has not been tested for children 8-12 years with P-FGIDs.

Trauma-focused cognitive behavior therapy (TF-CBT) is the gold standard treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), up to one-half of PTSD patients remain treatment non-responders. Although studies have used functional MRI to understand the neurobiology of treatment response, there is less understanding of the role of white matter brain structures in response to TF-CBT. Thirty-six treatment-seeking PTSD patients and 33 age-gender matched healthy controls completed diffusion-weighted imaging scans at baseline. Patients underwent nine sessions of TF-CBT treatment and PTSD symptom severity was assessed with the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale before and after completing treatment. Patients were assessed to estimate the reduction in overall symptoms and also specifically fear and dysphoric symptoms of PTSD. Tract-based spatial statistical analyses were performed for the PTSD group to evaluate whole-brain correlations of fractional anisotropy (FA) with improvement in overall, fear, and dysphoric symptoms using non-parametric permutation inference testing (pFWE < 0.05). Next, we evaluated if these significant measures also characterized PTSD from controls. Greater improvement in dysphoric symptoms was found correlated with lower FA in white matter regions associated with the limbic system, frontal cortex, thalamic association and projection fibers, corpus callosum, and tracts related to the brainstem. White matter anisotropy was not found associated with either overall or fear symptoms. FA in the significant clusters was similar between PTSD and controls. White-matter related to key functional regions may also play an important role in response to TF-CBT. Our results underscore the heterogeneity of PTSD and the need to evaluate distinct symptom phenotypes in treatment studies.

Digital cognitive behavior therapy for insomnia (dCBT-I) is an effective treatment in alleviating insomnia. This study examined the effect of dCBT-I for improving sleep quality in patients with insomnia complaints from a clinical population in a real-world setting.

Peripheral inflammation has been found associated with psychiatric disorders. However, results are inconclusive as to its role in common mental disorders (CMDs), i.e., depression, anxiety, insomnia and stress-related disorders. Further, some research suggests that cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) could reduce inflammatory markers in CMDs. In the present study, we measured pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-α], interleukin-6 [IL-6] and IL-8) pre- and post-treatment in two clinical trials (N ​= ​367) investigating CBT for patients with CMDs in primary care. We hypothesized that higher levels of these cytokines would be associated with more severe psychiatric symptoms (i.e., symptoms of depression, stress and anxiety). We also hypothesized that level of cytokines would decrease after CBT and that the reduced levels would correlate with a reduction in symptoms. Results showed that in men, higher levels of TNF-α were associated with more severe psychiatric symptoms. Further, age moderated the association between TNF-α, as well as IL-6, and stress, and exploratory stratified analyses revealed significant associations in subgroups. No other significant associations between cytokines and psychiatric symptoms were found. None of the cytokines were reduced following CBT, and the marked improvements in psychiatric symptoms after treatment were not associated with changes in cytokines. In conclusion, although inflammation might be of relevance in subgroups, it seems to be of limited importance for clinical improvements across mild to moderate CMDs.

We aim to demonstrate behavioral alterations in a sepsis model using intravenous (IV) immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulins enriched with IgA and IgM (IgGAM).