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Clinical salmonellosis has been increasing significantly in Brazil in recent years. A total of 130 outbreaks distributed among 10 swine-producing states were investigated. One representative Salmonella isolate from each outbreak was characterized through serotyping, antimicrobial resistance profiles, PFGE, and WGS. From 130 outbreaks: 50 were enteric, 48 were septicemic, 17 cases were characterized as hepato-biliary invasive, 13 as nodal and two were not classified. The most prevalent serovars were a monophasic variant of S. typhimurium (55/130), Choleraesuis (46/130), and Typhimurium (14/130). Most of the strains (86.92%) demonstrated a high rate of multi-drug resistance. The identification of a major Choleraesuis clonal group in several Brazilian states sharing the same resistance genes suggested that these strains were closely related. Six strains from this clonal group were sequenced, revealing the same ST-145 and 11 to 47 different SNPs. The detected plasmid type showed multiple marker genes as RepA_1_pKPC-CAV1321, the first to be reported in Salmonella. All AMR genes detected in the genomes were likely present on plasmids, and their phenotype was related to genotypic resistance genes. These findings reveal that salmonellosis is endemic in the most important pig-producing states in Brazil, emphasizing the need to make data available to aid in reducing its occurrence.
This study was carried out to assess the clinical and bacterial profiles of abdominal surgery site infections in a tertiary care hospital.Samples recovered from infected wounds at abdominal surgery sites were processed using highly advanced microbiological procedures. To process these samples, the most recently accepted standard CLSI guidelines were used. Antimicrobial vulnerability was investigated using a modified Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method.97 samples were collected from 83 patients who had proven evidence of infections at abdominal surgery sites. It was found that 97.5% of the total samples had evidence of significant growth of bacteria and bacterial isolates obtained were 88 in number. Staphylococcus aureus was the most often isolated bacterium, accounting for 51.52% of total samples. The second most prevalent germ isolated was Escherichia coli, which accounted for 24.13% of total samples. It was concluded that the high prevalence of infections at the surgical sites of abdomen in our study highlights the importance of providing high-quality surgical care that considers the features of the host, environment, and microorganisms before performing any surgery.
The relatively high frequency of marine mammal stranding events in the Philippines provide many research opportunities. A select set of stranders (n = 21) from 2017 to 2018 were sampled for bacteriology and histopathology. Pertinent tissues and bacteria were collected from individuals representing eight cetacean species (i.e. Feresa attenuata, Kogia breviceps, Globicephala macrorhynchus, Grampus griseus, Lagenodelphis hosei, Peponocephala electra, Stenella attenuata and Stenella longirostris) and were subjected to histopathological examination and antibiotic resistance screening, respectively. The antibiotic resistance profiles of 24 bacteria (belonging to genera Escherichia, Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Proteus, and Shigella) that were isolated from four cetaceans were determined using 18 antibiotics. All 24 isolates were resistant to at least one antibiotic class, and 79.17% were classified as multiple antibiotic resistant (MAR). The MAR index values of isolates ranged from 0.06 to 0.39 with all the isolates resistant to erythromycin (100%; n = 24) and susceptible to imipenem, doripenem, ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol, and gentamicin (100%; n = 24). The resistance profiles of these bacteria show the extent of antimicrobial resistance in the marine environment, and may inform medical management decisions during rehabilitation of stranded cetaceans. Due to inadequate gross descriptions and limited data gathered by the responders during the stranding events, the significance of histopathological lesions in association with disease diagnosis in each cetacean stranding or mortality remained inconclusive; however, these histopathological findings may be indicative or contributory to the resulting debility and stress during their strandings. The findings of the study demonstrate the challenges faced by cetacean species in the wild, such as but not limited to, biological pollution through land-sea movement of effluents, fisheries interactions, and anthropogenic activities.
Bacterial resistance to antibiotics remains an imposing global public health challenge. Of the most serious pathogens, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is problematic given strains have emerged that exhibit resistance to several antibiotic classes including β-lactams and agents of last resort such as vancomycin. New antibacterial agents composed of unique chemical scaffolds are needed to counter this public health challenge. The present study examines two synthetic diphenylurea compounds 1 and 2 that inhibit growth of clinically-relevant isolates of MRSA at concentrations as low as 4 µg/mL and are non-toxic to human colorectal cells at concentrations up to 128 μg/mL. Both compounds exhibit rapid bactericidal activity, completely eliminating a high inoculum of MRSA within four hours. MRSA mutants exhibiting resistance to 1 and 2 could not be isolated, indicating a low likelihood of rapid resistance emerging to these compounds. Bacterial cytological profiling revealed the diphenylureas exert their antibacterial activity by targeting bacterial cell wall synthesis. Both compounds demonstrate the ability to resensitize vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus to the effect of vancomycin. The present study lays the foundation for further investigation and development of diphenylurea compounds as a new class of antibacterial agents.
The bacterial infections that prevail in the burnt patients continue to be a critical complication in the burnt patients and vary with time and place. Identification of bacterial pathogens with information of their antimicrobial susceptibility of burn wounds can help clinicians to select appropriate medication procedure as in providing them with suitable antibiotic for empirical treatment.
Access to safe drinking water is one of the basic human rights and is critical to health. However, much of the world's population lacks access to adequate and safe water. Approximately 884,000, 000 people in the world still do not get their drinking water from safe sources; Sub-Saharan Africa accounts for over one third of this number. It is estimated that 80% of all illnesses in the world are related to use of unsafe and contaminated water.
Hospital-acquired bloodstream infections are a severe worldwide problem associated with significant morbidity and mortality. This retrospective, single-center study aimed to analyze bloodstream infections in patients hospitalized in the intensive care unit of the Military Institute of Medicine, Poland. Data from the years 2007-2019 were analyzed. When the infection was suspected, blood samples were drawn and analyzed microbiologically. When bacterial growth was observed, an antimicrobial susceptibility/resistance analysis was performed. Among 12,619 analyzed samples, 1,509 were positive, and 1,557 pathogens were isolated. In 278/1,509 of the positive cases, a central line catheter infection was confirmed. Gram-negative bacteria were the most frequently (770/1,557) isolated, including Acinetobacter baumannii (312/770), Klebsiella pneumoniae (165/770; 67/165 were the isolates that expressed extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL), 5/165 isolates produced the New Delhi metallo-β-lactamases (NDM), 4/165 isolates expressed Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC), and 1/165 isolate produced OXA48 carbapenemase), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (111/770; 2/111 isolates produced metallo-β-lactamase (MBL), and Escherichia coli (69/770; 11/69 - ESBL). Most Gram-positive pathogens were staphylococci (545/733), mainly coagulase-negative (368/545). Among 545 isolates of the staphylococci, 58 represented methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Fungi were isolated from 3.5% of samples. All isolated MRSA and methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (MRCNS) strains were susceptible to vancomycin, methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) isolates - to isoxazolyl penicillins, and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) - to linezolid and tigecycline. However, colistin was the only therapeutic option in some infections caused by A. baumannii and KPC-producing K. pneumoniae. P. aeruginosa was still susceptible to cefepime and ceftazidime. Echinocandins were effective therapeutics in the treatment of fungal infections.
Infection constitutes a major risk for implant failure, but the reasons why biomaterial sites are more vulnerable than normal tissue are not fully elucidated. In this study, a soft tissue infection model was developed, allowing the analysis of cellular and molecular responses in each of the sub-compartments of the implant-tissue interface (on the implant surface, in the surrounding exudate and in the tissue). Smooth and nanostructured titanium disks with or without noble metal chemistry (silver, gold, palladium), and sham sites, were inoculated with Staphylococcus epidermidis and analysed with respect to number of viable bacteria, number, viability and gene expression of host cells, and using different morphological techniques after 4 h, 24 h and 72 h. Non-infected rats were controls. Results showed a transient inflammatory response at control sites, whereas bacterial administration resulted in higher recruitment of inflammatory cells (mainly polymorphonuclear), higher, continuous cell death and higher gene expression of tumour necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6, interleukin-8, Toll-like receptor 2 and elastase. At all time points, S. epidermidis was predominantly located in the interface zone, extra- and intracellularly, and lower levels were detected on the implants compared with surrounding exudate. This model allows detailed analysis of early events in inflammation and infection associated to biomaterials in vivo leading to insights into host defence mechanisms in biomaterial-associated infections.
Surgical cutting guides are increasingly used for maxillofacial reconstruction. They are usually provided by laboratories. In recent years, surgical teams have published studies on the possibility of manufacturing their own cutting guides thanks to 3D printers. The object of this study is to analyze the impact of the sterilization on the surface of those personalized models and to assess the effectiveness of sterilization. Using the data from high-resolution CT scan of patient, 3D models were generated through computerized assisted design and fabricated with a 3D printer using Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS). For the sterilization, a Sterrad method was used. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of sterilization, 3D models were artificially contaminated with several bacterial reference strains, sterilized and finally cultured. The surfaces and mechanical modifications were analyzed before and after sterilization with infrared spectrometry, surface contact angle, extensometer, scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. Ten models of different shapes and 24 samples were fabricated, sterilized and analyzed. The 3D models were designed in 48 h, printed in an average of 122 min and underwent a 47 min cycle of sterilization. All experimentally contaminated 3D models were negative in culture, with at least, a six log reduction of the initial inoculum. The hydrophobicity and roughness of the surface suffered few changes. The reproducibility of this procedure was proved by identical results in the three sterilization rounds. Using Sterrad process for the sterilization of ABS printed material doesn't represent a bacterial risk for the patient. It is a feasible and safe innovative reconstructive method that can save time particularly for oncological cases.
Coastal water resources are habitually exposed to indiscriminate anthropogenic pollution. However, due to their negative consequences to the public health, recreational waters require continuous monitoring for disease-causing organisms as a way of preventing ailments associated with swimming. As a result, the present study assessed the physicochemical parameters and microbial loads of water samples collected from six different sampling points on Kidd's Beach using standard analytical procedures. Generated data were analysed with One-way ANOVA and spearman correlation (at 95%). The physicochemical qualities varied as follows: pH (7.21-8.23), temperature (18.46-27.63 °C), turbidity (0-25.67 NTU), electrical conductivity (22723-62067 μS/cm), total dissolved solids (7662-31037 mg/L), and salinity (8.95-41.84 PSU). All these measured parameters were significantly different (P < 0.05) with respect to the sampling sites. Presumptive Enterococcus counts ranged from 64 - 168 CFU/100 mL of water samples. Out of 409 presumptive Enterococcus isolates obtained from the culture-based method, 67 were confirmed to be Enterococcus by PCR-techniques. From the 67 confirmed isolates, 19(E. faecalis) and 40(E. feacium) while 8(other species that were non-targeted). Findings from this study shown that Kidd's Beach water samples contain some pathogenic bacteria that pose high risk to the public health and make it to be unfit for recreational use when compared to DWAF and US EPA guidelines. Therefore, effort should be made to strictly control all activities contributing to the level of pollution in the marine environment.
Camels are the most efficient domesticated animals in arid and semiarid areas of the world. In Ethiopia, they are the main livestock kept to sustain the livelihoods of pastoralists, as camels are used for milk and meat production and also for transportation. However, she-camel reproductive diseases are one of the major constraints for camel-producing communities. A cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2018 to December 2019 to identify and characterize pathological lesions and isolate possible bacteria associated with reproductive diseases and disorders in she-camels slaughtered at Dire Dawa and Babille municipal abattoirs. A total of 155 study animals were examined by recruiting all she-camels slaughtered during every abattoir visit. Overall, 562 reproductive organs, the ovaries, oviducts, uterus, and cervix, were examined through observation, palpation, and incision, and the animal- and organ-level pathological lesion prevalence were found to be 29% and 64.6%, respectively. Degenerative changes, inflammatory lesions (endometritis and salpingitis), growth disturbances (e.g., ovarian hypoplasia), and noninflammatory lesions (e.g., noninflammatory edema) were the identified pathological lesions. Occurrences of pathological changes among reproductive organs had differences where significantly the highest proportion (p = 0.00) was observed in the uteri. Of the 119 microbiological samples processed, 77.3% were positive for single or mixed bacterial genera, from which 7 different bacterial isolates and 14 other unidentified Gram-negative bacteria were detected. E. coli, Salmonella, and Staphylococcus spp. were the most frequently isolated organisms with 28.2%, 26.9%, and 12.8% frequencies, respectively. The result of the questionnaire survey showed 74% of the respondents had culled the she-camel at productive age because of poor reproductive performance associated with refused mating, abortion, and repeat breeding (poor conception). On the other hand, a majority of camel herders had poor to no information and access to modern veterinary services; nevertheless, they had good indigenous knowledge on how to manage reproductive abnormalities. Considering the importance of camels in our study area, further research on camel reproductive diseases and abnormalities with wider sample and epidemiology need to be conducted using molecular and hormonal assay techniques.
Background This study was performed to determine the bacteriological profile and antibiotic sensitivity pattern of culture samples of patients with cancer at our institute. The study was undertaken to formulate an antibiotic policy for the treatment of infection in these patients. Materials and Methods The study was performed in the Department of Microbiology of a regional cancer center during the period from January 2017 to December 2017. Samples were collected under all aseptic precaution, and they were processed as per the Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute Guideline 2017. Results A total of 464 clinical samples (urine, blood, sputum, pus, etc.) were collected and processed for culture, of which 198 (42.67%) samples showed culture positive that were identified as per standard recommended procedures and antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed on isolates as per the Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute guidelines 2017. Escherichia coli (48), Staphylococcus aureus, (45) Klebsiella pneumoniae (52), Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (17), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (15) were most commonly encountered. Of the 132 Gram-negative isolates, 101 (76.5%) were extended-spectrum β-lactamase producers. Among the 45 staphylococcal isolates, 18 (40%) were methicillin-resistant S . aureus. Conclusion The present study reveals microbiological profile in patients attending our cancer institute.
Bacterial infection of the urinary tract is among the common reasons for seeking medical attention in the community. Rapidly increasing antibiotic resistance of uropathogens is resulting in limited treatment options. Therefore, knowledge of the current uropathogens and their antibiotic susceptibility is important for better treatment of urinary tract infection.
Bloodstream infection coupled with drug resistance in bloodborne bacteria is a major health problem globally. The current study sought to identify the bacterial spectrum, extended-spectrum -lactamase production, and antimicrobial resistance pattern in patients with bloodstream infection. This prospective cross-sectional study was conducted at Arsho Advanced Medical Laboratory, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia from January 2019- until July 2020. Blood collected from patients was inoculated into blood culture bottles and incubated appropriately. Identification, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, and extended-spectrum β-lactamase-production were determined with the VITEK 2 compact system. Of the samples collected, 156 (18.5%) were culture-positive. Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus epidermidis were the dominant isolates. In Gram-negative bacteria, the prevalence of drug resistance was the highest against ampicillin (80.8%) and the lowest against imipenem (5.2%). While in Gram-positive bacteria it was the highest against clindamycin and the lowest against vancomycin and daptomycin. The prevalence of multi-drug resistance and extended-spectrum β-lactamase production of Gram-negative bacteria were 41.6% and 34.2%, respectively. The prevalence of bloodstream infection was 18.5%. Serious life-threatening pathogens including S. aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Enterobacter spp was predominant. The prevalence of multi-drug resistance to both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and extended-spectrum β-lactamase-production were high but prevalence of carbapenem resistance was low. All these situations call for the establishment of strong infection control strategies, a drug regulatory system, and established antibiotic stewardship in healthcare settings.
The habit of raw meat consumption in addition to the poor hygienic standards and lack of knowledge contribute to food-borne diseases outbreaks. The objective of this research was to assess the bacterial quality and safety of fresh meat from retail Bahir Dar City, Ethiopia. A total of 30 fresh meat samples were collected from butcher shops. Standard bacteriological methods were used to isolate and enumerate bacteria. Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method was used for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Salmonella isolates. The mean counts of AMB, TC, and S. aureus were log104.53, 3.97, and 3.88 log10cfu/g, respectively. Salmonella was isolated from 21 (70%) of the samples. Salmonella isolates in this study were highly susceptible to ciprofloxacin, gentamycin, and norfloxacin while they were resistant to erythromycin and tetracycline. High rate of multiple drug resistance was also noticed in Salmonella isolates. The microbial loads of meat were above the recommended microbial safety limits. Besides this, the isolation rate of Salmonella was high and high levels of drug resistance were documented for Salmonella isolates. Measures on handling and appropriate personal hygiene practices of workers in the retail shops are recommended to reduce the change of forborne disease outbreaks.
Many infants are nurtured with milk supplied by human banks, whose bacteriological and physical-chemical profiles are a major issue. We investigated the bacteriological and physical-chemical characteristics, as well as genotypic and phenotypic and profiles of Staphylococcus species isolated from 240 samples of breast milk from a bank in a teaching hospital. Dornic acidity of milk revealed that 95.4% (229/240) had acceptable limits (< 8.0 oD). Caloric intake showed a wide variation in cream content (4%), fat (4%) and energy values (559.81 Kcal/L). Staphylococcus (105/186 or 56.5%) and Enterobacter (25/186 or 13.4%) were the most prevalent genera, although other microorganisms were identified, including Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (125/157 or 79.6%), vancomycin (115/157 or 73.2%), and cephalexin (112/157 or 71.3%) were the most effective antimicrobials. High resistance rates of isolates were found to penicillin G (141/157 or 89.8%), ampicillin (135/157 or 86%), and oxacillin (118/157 or 75.2%). Multidrug resistance to ≥ 3 antimicrobials occurred in 66.2% (123/186) of the isolates. Residues of microbial multiplication inhibitory substances were found in 85% (204/240) of samples. Among the coagulase-positive-CPS and negative-CoNS staphylococci, the mecA gene was detected in 53.3% (8/15) and 75% (30/40), respectively. Genes sea, seb and sec were detected in 20% (3/15) of CPS, while tsst-1 was detected in 13.34% (2/15). In addition, 13.3% (2/15) of S. aureus were toxin-producers. Genes sea, seb and sec were detected in 90% (36/40), 5% (2/40) and 15% (6/40) CoNS, respectively. Enterotoxin production was identified in 5% (2/40) of CoNS. The identification of multidrug-resistant bacteria, staphylococci species toxin-producers harboring methicillin-resistance genes, and residues of microbial multiplication inhibitory substances reinforce the need for a continuous vigilance of milk quality offered to infant consumption by human banks.
Introduction Diabetic foot infection is the most dreaded complication of diabetes mellitus and the commonest cause of hospitalization and limb amputation. Identification of the causative agent responsible for diabetic foot infection and the earliest initiation of appropriate antimicrobial therapy are vital for the control and prevention of the complication of diabetic foot ulcers. Therefore, we conducted this study to determine the bacteriological profile of diabetic foot ulcers and to detect methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producers in our institute. Methodology During the study period, samples were collected from the foot ulcers of 100 patients at the Diabetic Outpatient Department. The samples were processed according to the standard laboratory protocol, and bacterial isolates were identified. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using the modified Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion technique, and results were interpreted according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines (CLSI 2016). A phenotypic test for MRSA detection was performed using cefoxitin (30 μg) disk. Results The highest incidence of diabetic foot ulcers was observed in patients aged 41-50 years. There were 83 men and 17 women, with a male to female ratio of 4.882. Of the 100 collected samples, 73 were positive for microbial growth, and 27 samples showed no growth. Of the 73 positive cultures, monomicrobial infection was found in 48 patients, and polymicrobial infection was found in 25 patients. Gram-positive pathogens were isolated from 34 patients, and gram-negative microbes were isolated from 64 patients. Among all collected isolates (n=100), Staphylococcus aureus was the most predominant organism and Acinetobacter species was the least common (only two isolates). Among the gram-negative bacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa was predominant. All the isolated gram-positive bacteria were susceptible to vancomycin. Gram-negative bacteria were highly susceptible to colistin with the exception of Proteus species which is intrinsically resistant to colistin and it is not reported for Proteus species. ESBL producers were primarily found among Klebsiella species isolates (22.22%). Among 29 S. aureus isolates, 8 (27.5%) were found to be MRSA producers. Conclusion Based on the bacteriological profile of diabetic foot ulcers, S. aureus among the gram-positive isolates and P. aeruginosa among the gram-negative isolates were the predominant pathogens. Infections caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria such as MRSA and ESBL producers have been reported with increasing frequency. According to the antibiotic susceptibility pattern, treatment can be initiated, continued, or altered, thereby reducing morbidity in patients with diabetic foot ulcers.
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