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The Cryptochrome/Photolyase Family (CPF) represents an ancient group of widely distributed UV-A/blue-light sensitive proteins sharing common structures and chromophores. During the course of evolution, different CPFs acquired distinct functions in DNA repair, light perception and circadian clock regulation. Previous phylogenetic analyses of the CPF have allowed reconstruction of the evolution and distribution of the different CPF super-classes in the tree of life. However, so far only limited information is available from the CPF orthologs in aquatic organisms that evolved in environments harboring great diversity of life forms and showing peculiar light distribution and rhythms. To gain new insights into the evolutionary and functional relationships within the CPF family, we performed a detailed study of CPF members from marine (diatoms, sea urchin and annelid) and freshwater organisms (teleost) that populate diverse habitats and exhibit different life strategies. In particular, we first extended the CPF family phylogeny by including genes from aquatic organisms representative of several branches of the tree of life. Our analysis identifies four major super-classes of CPF proteins and importantly singles out the presence of a plant-like CRY in diatoms and in metazoans. Moreover, we show a dynamic evolution of Cpf genes in eukaryotes with various events of gene duplication coupled to functional diversification and gene loss, which have shaped the complex array of Cpf genes in extant aquatic organisms. Second, we uncover clear rhythmic diurnal expression patterns and light-dependent regulation for the majority of the analyzed Cpf genes in our reference species. Our analyses reconstruct the molecular evolution of the CPF family in eukaryotes and provide a solid foundation for a systematic characterization of novel light activated proteins in aquatic environments.
Small fish species, such as zebrafish and medaka, are increasingly gaining popularity in basic research and disease modeling as a useful alternative to rodent model organisms. However, the tracking options for fish within a facility are rather limited. In this study, we present an aquatic species tracking database, Zebrabase, developed in our zebrafish research and breeding facility that represents a practical and scalable solution and an intuitive platform for scientists, fish managers, and caretakers, in both small and large facilities. Zebrabase is a scalable, cross-platform fish tracking database developed especially for fish research facilities. Nevertheless, this platform can be easily adapted for a wide variety of aquatic model organisms housed in tanks. It provides sophisticated tracking, reporting, and management functions that help keep animal-related records well organized, including a QR code functionality for tank labeling. The implementation of various user roles ensures a functional hierarchy and customized access to specific functions and data. In addition, Zebrabase makes it easy to personalize rooms and racks, and its advanced statistics and reporting options make it an excellent tool for creating periodic reports of animal usage and productivity. Communication between the facility and the researchers can be streamlined by the database functions. Finally, Zebrabase also features an interactive breeding history and a smart interface with advanced visualizations and intuitive color coding that accelerate the processes.
The Mekong River is the 10th largest river in the world. It is recognised as the most productive river in Southeast Asia and economically essential to the region, with an estimated 60-65 million people living in the lower Mekong Basin. The Mekong Delta within Vietnam is considered a highly vulnerable ecosystem under threat from increasing anthropogenic pressure, such as dam construction and, as a consequence, the Delta is sinking and altering the natural hydrological cycle. Dams also lead to eutrophication and pollution of downstream water from regulated water flux and water stagnation. Another threat is climate change coupled with the lower rainfall, which could lead to an increased risk of drought in the Mekong Delta Basin. Thus, these project data represent an important baseline reference. The ecological health of the Mekong Delta's environment, as indicated by the quality and availability of its water and biological resources, largely determines the economic and social development of the region, which produces about half of the agriculture and aquaculture products of Vietnam.
Flubendazole (FLU) and fenbendazole (FEN) belong to benzimidazoles-pharmaceuticals widely used in veterinary and human medicine for the treatment of intestinal parasites as well as for the treatment of systemic worm infections. In recent years, usage of these drugs increased, which resulted in a larger contamination of the environment and possible negative effects on biota. Hence, in our research, we investigated an aquatic ecotoxicity of these pharmaceuticals towards: marine bacteria (Vibrio fischeri), green algae (Scenedesmus vacuolatus), duckweed (Lemna minor) and crustacean (Daphnia magna). Ecotoxicity tests were combined with chemical analysis in order to investigate the actual exposure concentration of the compounds used in the experiment as well as to stability and adsorption studies. As a result, study evaluating sensitivity of different aquatic organisms to these compounds and new ecotoxicological data is presented. The strongest negative impact of FLU and FEN was observed to D. magna.
As the use of environmental-DNA (eDNA) expands as a method to detect the presence and quantity of aquatic taxa, factors potentially impacting the efficacy of this technique must be investigated. Many studies have examined the effects of abiotic parameters on the degradation of environmental-DNA (e.g. UV radiation, pH, temperature, etc.), however, few have focused on biotic effectors. Through high-filtering rates coupled with dense colonization, Asian clams (Corbicula fluminea) are able to drastically alter the quantity of particulate matter through translocation into the sediment, potentially including sources of eDNA in lotic and lentic systems. Using a longitudinal, laboratory experiment, we tested the effect of varying densities of Asian clams on the translocation rate of common goldfish (Carassius auratus) DNA. Target DNA in testing tanks was quantified through quantitative PCR (qPCR) at regular intervals and compared. Tanks housing the highest density of Asian clams produced significantly lower DNA concentrations over time compared to tanks of lower densities. These results show, for the first time, a density-dependent reduction of local eDNA sources by bivalve filtration that may lead to the obstructed detection of target species through the sampling of eDNA. Based on these findings, we recommend highly concentrated bivalve populations be taken into consideration when choosing the time and locality of eDNA sampling efforts.
Natural radioactivity in irrigation drains was measured by gamma spectrometry, and the resulting dose rates received by aquatic organisms were estimated. Irrigation water and sediment samples were collected from 5 irrigation drains located in Qena governorate, south of Egypt. The average activity concentrations (Bq L-1) of 226Ra, 232Th, and 40 K in irrigation water were 0.76 ± 0.06, 0.27 ± 0.02, and 8.14 ± 0.71, while in sediment (Bq kg-1) were 24.46 ± 1.84, 20.72 ± 1.45, and 453.00 ± 28.14, respectively. The total dose rate per aquatic organism ranged from 1.94 × 10-04 µGy h-1 in Mollusc to 7.15 × 10-04 µGy h-1 in phytoplankton. These values are far from the international recommended limit 400 µGy h-1 for chronic exposure to aquatic organisms, and the dose rate screening value of 10 µGy h-1 suggested by ERICA tool. Based on these results, it is unlikely that harmful effects will appear on the considered aquatic organisms due to exposure to natural radioactivity in the studied environment.
How climate affects species distributions is a longstanding question receiving renewed interest owing to the need to predict the impacts of global warming on biodiversity. Is climate change forcing species to live near their critical thermal limits? Are these limits likely to change through natural selection? These and other important questions can be addressed with models relating geographical distributions of species with climate data, but inferences made with these models are highly contingent on non-climatic factors such as biotic interactions. Improved understanding of climate change effects on species will require extensive analysis of thermal physiological traits, but such data are both scarce and scattered. To overcome current limitations, we created the GlobTherm database. The database contains experimentally derived species' thermal tolerance data currently comprising over 2,000 species of terrestrial, freshwater, intertidal and marine multicellular algae, plants, fungi, and animals. The GlobTherm database will be maintained and curated by iDiv with the aim to keep expanding it, and enable further investigations on the effects of climate on the distribution of life on Earth.
A voluminous information is available on karyological studies of fishes; however, limited efforts were made for compilation and curation of the available karyological data in a digital form. 'Fish Karyome' database was the preliminary attempt to compile and digitize the available karyological information on finfishes belonging to the Indian subcontinent. But the database had limitations since it covered data only on Indian finfishes with limited search options. Perceiving the feedbacks from the users and its utility in fish cytogenetic studies, the Fish Karyome database was upgraded by applying Linux, Apache, MySQL and PHP (pre hypertext processor) (LAMP) technologies. In the present version, the scope of the system was increased by compiling and curating the available chromosomal information over the globe on fishes and other aquatic organisms, such as echinoderms, molluscs and arthropods, especially of aquaculture importance. Thus, Fish Karyome version 2.1 presently covers 866 chromosomal records for 726 species supported with 253 published articles and the information is being updated regularly. The database provides information on chromosome number and morphology, sex chromosomes, chromosome banding, molecular cytogenetic markers, etc. supported by fish and karyotype images through interactive tools. It also enables the users to browse and view chromosomal information based on habitat, family, conservation status and chromosome number. The system also displays chromosome number in model organisms, protocol for chromosome preparation and allied techniques and glossary of cytogenetic terms. A data submission facility has also been provided through data submission panel. The database can serve as a unique and useful resource for cytogenetic characterization, sex determination, chromosomal mapping, cytotaxonomy, karyo-evolution and systematics of fishes. Database URL: http://mail.nbfgr.res.in/Fish_Karyome.
Understanding the bioaccumulation of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) is essential for making regulatory decisions on potential environmental risks. Research in the field of ENM bioaccumulation has increased in recent years, but the compilation and statistical analysis of the available experimental data have not been updated. We therefore performed a meta-analysis of the existing literature on the bioaccumulation of eight types of nondissolvable ENMs (titanium dioxide [TiO2 ], aluminum oxide [Al2 O3 ], gold [Au], fullerene [C60 ], carbon nanotubes, iron oxide [FeOx ], graphene, and polystyrene) in nonmammalian freshwater aquatic organisms across three trophic levels including phytoplankton, zooplankton, and fish. Three typical endpoints were used to assess the bioaccumulation potential: the bioconcentration factor (BCF), the bioaccumulation factor (BAF), and the biomagnification factor (BMF). Our results suggest that zooplankton has greater mean logarithmic BCF and BAF values than phytoplankton (3.31 vs. 1.42) and fish (2.04). The ENMs are biomagnified in zooplankton, with a mean BMF of 17.4, whereas trophic transfer from primary consumers (zooplankton) to secondary consumers (fish) was not observed (mean BMF of 0.13). No clear dependency was identified between the physicochemical characteristics of ENMs (e.g., primary particle size, zeta potential, or shape) and bioaccumulation, except for coated versus uncoated particles accumulated in phytoplankton. Carbonaceous ENMs were found to be more bioaccumulated than the other ENMs we considered, except for TiO2 . A meta-analysis of bioaccumulation data can (1) deepen the understanding of bioconcentration, bioaccumulation, and biomagnification of ENMs, (2) be used to support grouping strategies as a basis for a safer-by-design approach for ENMs, (3) be integrated into comprehensive hazard and risk assessments, (4) promote the standardization of testing guidelines, and (5) enhance future kinetic bioaccumulation modeling. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:1202-1214. © 2022 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
Vehicle emission particles (VEPs) represent a significant part of air pollution in urban areas. However, the toxicity of this category of particles in different aquatic organisms is still unexplored. This work aimed to extend the understanding of the toxicity of the vehicle exhaust particles in two species of marine diatomic microalgae, the planktonic crustacean Artemia salina, and the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius. These aquatic species were applied for the first time in the risk assessment of VEPs. Our results demonstrated that the samples obtained from diesel-powered vehicles completely prevented egg fertilization of the sea urchin S. intermedius and caused pronounced membrane depolarization in the cells of both tested microalgae species at concentrations between 10 and 100 mg/L. The sample with the highest proportion of submicron particles and the highest content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) had the highest growth rate inhibition in both microalgae species and caused high toxicity to the crustacean. The toxicity level of the other samples varied among the species. We can conclude that metal content and the difference in the concentrations of PAHs by itself did not directly reflect the toxic level of VEPs, but the combination of both a high number of submicron particles and high PAH concentrations had the highest toxic effect on all the tested species.
The large use of tetrabromobisphenol A (B(4)BPA) in common products (plastics, electric and electronic equipments) has raised concern about its ecotoxicity. Physical and bio-degradations may lead to the formation of tetrabromobisphenol A derivatives like tri- (B(3)BPA), di- (B(2)BPA), monobromobisphenol A (B(1)BPA) and bisphenol A (BPA). However, little is known about the toxicity of these brominated derivatives. An appraisal on the ecotoxicity of B(4)BPA and its derivatives was carried out with several bioassays representing organisms (bacteria, algae, micro-invertebrates and fish) of different taxonomic groups present in aquatic ecosystems. Endpoint values showed that B(4)BPA was significantly less toxic than the other chemicals when tested with the Microtox and algal asssays. A similar trend was observed with other bioassays for BPA. One of the brominated derivatives was particularly toxic: B(2)BPA. The LuminoTox assay and the rainbow trout hepatocytes assay reported the most significant toxicity for this derivative. Its toxicity was also significantly higher than the other compounds barring B(3)BPA when tested with the micro-crustacean test.
Several antiviral peptides (AVPs) from aquatic organisms have been effective in interfering with the actions of infectious viruses, such as Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 and Herpes Simplex Virus-1 and 2. AVPs are able to block viral attachment or entry into host cells, inhibit internal fusion or replication events by suppressing viral gene transcription, and prevent viral infections by modulating host immunity. Therefore, as promising therapeutics, the potential of aquatic AVPs for use against the COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) is considered. At present no therapeutic drugs are yet available. A total of 32 AVPs derived from fish and shellfish species are discussed in this review paper with notes on their properties and mechanisms of action in the inhibition of viral diseases both in humans and animals, emphasizing on SARS-CoV-2. The molecular structure of novel SARS-CoV-2 with its entry mechanisms, clinical signs and symptoms are also discussed. In spite of only a few study of these AVPs against SARS-CoV-2, aquatic AVPs properties and infection pathways (entry, replication and particle release) into coronaviruses are linked in this paper to postulate an analysis of their potential but unconfirmed actions to impair SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans.
The application of layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanomaterials as catalysts has attracted great interest due to their unique structural features. It also triggered the need to study their fate and behavior in the aquatic environment. In the present study, Zn-Fe nanolayered double hydroxides (Zn-Fe LDHs) were synthesized using a co-precipitation method and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and nitrogen adsorption-desorption analyses. The toxicity of the home-made Zn-Fe LDHs catalyst was examined by employing a variety of aquatic organisms from different trophic levels, namely the marine photobacterium Vibrio fischeri, the freshwater microalga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, the freshwater crustacean Daphnia magna, and the duckweed Spirodela polyrhiza. From the experimental results, it was evident that the acute toxicity of the catalyst depended on the exposure time and type of selected test organism. Zn-Fe LDHs toxicity was also affected by its physical state in suspension, chemical composition, as well as interaction with the bioassay test medium.
Modern industrialization has led to the creation of a wide range of organic chemicals, especially in the form of multicomponent mixtures, thus making the evaluation of environmental pollution more difficult by normal methods. In this paper, we attempt to use forward stepwise multiple linear regression (MLR) and nonlinear radial basis function neural networks (RBFNN) to establish quantitative structure-activity relationship models (QSARs) to predict the toxicity of 79 binary mixtures of aquatic organisms using different hypothetical descriptors. To search for the proper mixture descriptors, 11 mixture rules were performed and tested based on preliminary modeling results. The statistical parameters of the best derived MLR model were Ntrain = 62, R2 = 0.727, RMS = 0.494, F = 159.537, Q2LOO = 0.727, and Q2pred = 0.725 for the training set; and Ntest = 17, R2 = 0.721, RMS = 0.508, F = 38.773, and q2ext = 0.720 for the external test set. The RBFNN model gave the following statistical results: Ntrain = 62, R2 = 0.956, RMS = 0.199, F = 1279.919, Q2LOO = 0.955, and Q2pred = 0.855 for the training set; and Ntest = 17, R2 = 0.880, RMS = 0.367, F = 110.980, and q2ext = 0.853 for the external test set. The quality of the models was assessed by validating the relevant parameters, and the final results showed that the developed models are predictive and can be used for the toxicity prediction of binary mixtures within their applicability domain.
Cigarette butts (CBs) are the most frequently littered pieces of environmental wastes which are released both directly and indirectly into the environment and finally may reach aquatic environments and contaminate aquatic biomes. However, to date, there is no comprehensive review on the extent and magnitude of the potential effects of CBs on aquatic organisms. Hence, a systematic review of published studies was conducted in this paper to survey the fate of CBs in the aquatic environments and also the impacts of exposure to CBs on survival, growth, and reproduction of aquatic organisms. The gathered data showed that the leachates of CBs in the aquatic environment could extremely be toxic for various organisms and increasing the exposure time, increases the mortality rate. In addition, smoked filtered CBs with tobacco remnants have higher mortality rate compared to unsmoked filtered butts (USFs) for Hymenochirus curtipes, Clarias gariepinus, tidepool snails, Atherinops affinis and Pimephales promelas. The fate of CBs in the aquatic environments is affected by various factors, and prior to sinking they are floated for a long time (long distance). Hence, CBs and their associated toxic chemicals might be ingested by diverse aquatic organisms. However, further studies are necessary to understand the exact toxicity of CBs on different freshwater and marine organisms and also their fate in the aquatic media. The results of this review showed the essentiality of regulations to prevent the release of chemical and toxic compounds into the aquatic environments.
Pharmaceuticals are widely acknowledged to be a threat to aquatic life. Over the last two decades, the steady use of biologically active chemicals for human health has been mirrored by a rise in the leaking of these chemicals into natural environments. The aim of this work was to detect the toxicity of sodium fluoride (NaF) exposure and platinum-derived drugs in an ecological setting on aquatic organism development. From 24 to 96 h post-fertilization, zebrafish embryos were treated to dosages of NaF 10 mg/L-1 + cisplatin (CDDP) 100 μM, one with NaF 10 mg/L-1 + carboplatin (CARP) 25 μM, one with NaF 10 mg/L-1 + CDDP 100 μM + CARP 25 μM. Fluoride exposure in combination with Cisplatin and Carboplatin (non-toxic concentration) had an effect on survival and hatching rate according to this study. Additionally, it significantly disturbed the antioxidant defense system and increased ROS in zebrafish larvae. NaF 10 mg/L-1 associated with CDDP 100 μM and CARP 25 μM, increased the production of apoptosis-related proteins (caspase 3, bax, and bcl-2) and the downregulation of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, while no effect was seen for the single exposure.
Lipids play various essential roles in the physiology of animals. They are also highly dependent on cellular metabolism or status. It is therefore crucial to understand to which extent animals can stabilize their lipid composition in the presence of external stressors, such as chemicals that are released into the environment. We developed a MALDI MS imaging workflow for two important aquatic model organisms, the zebrafish (Danio rerio) and water flea (Daphnia magna). Owing to the heterogeneous structure of these organisms, developing a suitable sample preparation workflow is a highly non-trivial but crucial part of this work and needs to be established first. Relevant parameters and practical considerations in order to preserve tissue structure and composition in tissue sections are discussed for each application. All measurements were based on high mass accuracy enabling reliable identification of imaged compounds. In zebrafish we demonstrate that a detailed mapping between histology and simultaneously determined lipid composition is possible at various scales, from extended structures such as the brain or gills down to subcellular structures such as a single axon in the central nervous system. For D. magna we present for the first time a MALDI MSI workflow, that demonstrably maintains tissue integrity during cryosectioning of non-preserved samples, and allows the mapping of lipids in the entire body and the brood chamber inside the carapace. In conclusion, the lipid signatures that we were able to detect with our method provide an ideal basis to analyze changes caused by pollutants in two key aquatic model organisms.
Rare earth elements (REEs) or "technology metals" were coined by the U.S. Department of Energy, a group of seventeen elements found in the Earth's crust. These chemical elements are vital and irreplaceable to the world of technology owing to their unique physical, chemical, and light-emitting properties, all of which are beneficial in modern healthcare, telecommunication, and defense. Rare earth elements are relatively abundant in Earth's crust, with critical qualities to the device performance. The reuse and recycling of rare earth elements through different technologies can minimize impacts on the environment; however, there is insufficient data about their biological, bioaccumulation, and health effects. The increasing usage of rare earth elements has raised concern about environmental toxicity, which may further cause harmful effects on human health. The study aims to review the toxicity analysis of these rare earth elements concerning aquatic biota, considering it to be the sensitive indicator of the environment. Based on the limited reports of REE effects, the review highlights the need for more detailed studies on the hormetic effects of REEs. Aquatic biota is a cheap, robust, and efficient platform to study REEs' toxicity, mobility of REEs, and biomagnification in water bodies. REEs' diverse effects on aquatic life forms have been observed due to the lack of safety limits and extensive use in the various sectors. In accordance with the available data, we have put in efforts to compile all the relevant research results in this paper related to the topic "toxicity effect of REEs on aquatic life".
This article provides the data which were analyzed in the research article "Different factors determine 137Cs concentration factors of freshwater fish and aquatic organisms in lake and river ecosystems" (Y. Ishii, S. S. Matsuzaki, S. Hayashi, 2019) [1]. Radionuclide accumulation in aquatic organism is defined in terms of the concentration factor (CF), which is calculated as the radionuclide concentration in the organism (Bq kg-1) divided by that in the surrounding water (Bq L-1). Quantification of the radionuclide CF allows estimation of environmental radionuclide transfer and the potential risks of consuming fish contaminated with the radionuclide. We calculated the 137Cs CF values for freshwater fish and aquatic organisms using the monitoring data of multiple sites in five rivers and three lakes of Fukushima in years 2013-2017 after the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant accident. The data also include the 137Cs activity concentration of the water and water chemistry data (pH, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, dissolved oxygen, electric conductivity, salinity, total organic carbon, suspended solid concentration, turbidity) at each sampling location associated with each CF value.
We reviewed the literature on toxicity of nanoparticulate nickel (nano-Ni) to aquatic organisms, from the perspective of relevance and reliability in a regulatory framework. Our main findings were 1) much of the published nano-Ni toxicity data is of low or medium quality in terms of reporting key physical-chemical properties, methodologies, and results, compared with published dissolved nickel studies; and 2) based on the available information, some common findings about nanoparticle (NP) toxicity are not supported for nano-Ni. First, we concluded that nanoparticulate elemental nickel and nickel oxide, which differ in chemical composition, generally did not differ in their toxicity. Second, there is no evidence that the toxicity of nano-Ni increases as the size of the NPs decreases. Third, for most organisms tested, nano-Ni was not more toxic on a mass-concentration basis than dissolved Ni. Fourth, there is conflicting evidence about whether the toxicity is directly caused by the NPs or by the dissolved fraction released from the NPs. However, no evidence suggests that any of the molecular, physiological, and structural mechanisms of nano-Ni toxicity differ from the general pattern for many metal-based nanomaterials, wherein oxidative stress underlies the observed effects. Physical-chemical factors in the design and conduct of nano-Ni toxicity tests are important, but often they are not adequately reported (e.g., characteristics of dry nano-Ni particles and of wetted particles in exposure waters; exposure-water chemistry). Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:1861-1883 © 2020 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
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