Bipolar disorder (BD) is a chronic mental health disorder with significant morbidity and mortality. Age at onset (AAO) may be a key variable in delineating more homogeneous subgroups of BD patients. However, no known research has systematically assessed how BD age-at-onset subgroups should be defined.

The objective of the study was to describe the age distribution and to evaluate the role of prognostic value of age on survival in patients diagnosed with olfactory neuroblastoma (ONB). A population-based retrospective analysis was conducted.

Recent studies have documented an association between overweight and obesity and certain cancers, as well as an increased incidence of obesity-associated cancers (OACs) in younger individuals. However, although important for cancer-control efforts, it is not known which subgroups of the population are most affected by these changes.

No abstract available

To determine age-related diffusivity changes of the lumbar bone marrow by measurement of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values.

Islands have remarkable levels of endemism and contribute greatly to global biodiversity. Establishing the age of island endemics is important to gain insights into the processes that have shaped the biodiversity patterns of island biota. We investigated the relative age of monocots across islands worldwide, using different measures of phylogenetic endemism tested against null models. We compiled a species occurrence dataset across 4,306 islands, and identified 142 sites with neo-, paleo-, mixed and super-endemism. These sites were distributed across the world, although they tended to be more common at low latitudes. The most frequent types of endemism were mixed and super-endemism, which suggests that present-day island biodiversity has frequently been shaped by processes that took place at different points in times. We also identified the environmental factors that contributed most to different types of endemism; we found that latitude, habitat availability and climate stability had a significant impact on the persistence of ancient taxa and on recent diversification events. The islands identified here are irreplaceable both for the uniqueness and the evolutionary history of their flora, and because they are a source of "option values" and evolutionary potential. Therefore, our findings will help guide biodiversity conservation on a global scale.

It is widely believed that cancers develop upon acquiring a particular number of (epi) mutations in driver genes, but the law governing the kinetics of this process is not known. We have previously shown that the age distribution of incidence for the 20 most prevalent cancers of old age is best approximated by the Erlang probability distribution. The Erlang distribution describes the probability of several successive random events occurring by the given time according to the Poisson process, which allows an estimate for the number of critical driver events.

Growth and alterations in craniofacial morphology have attracted interest in many fields of science, especially physical anthropology, genetics and forensic sciences. We performed an analysis of craniofacial morphology alterations by gender and ageing stage in Korean populations. We studied 15 facial metrics using two large Korean populations (1,926 samples from the Korea Medicine Data Center cohort and 5,643 samples from the Ansan-Ansung cohort). Among the 15 metrics, 12 showed gender differences and tended to change with age. In both of the independent populations, brow ridge height, upper lip height, nasal tip height, and profile nasal length tended to increase with age, whereas outer canthal width, right palpebral fissure height, left palpebral fissure height, right upper lip thickness, left upper lip thickness, nasal tip protrusion, facial base width, and lower facial width tended to decrease. In conclusion, our findings suggest that ageing (past 40 years of age) might affect eye size, nose length, upper lip thickness, and facial width, possibly due to loss of elasticity in the face. Therefore, these facial metric changes could be applied to individual age prediction and aesthetic facial care.

Retroperitoneal neuroblastoma is a rare subtype of neuroblastoma and the role of age in its clinical prognosis is still unknown.To describe the age distribution and investigate the association between age and survival outcomes in patients diagnosed with retroperitoneal neuroblastoma.We retrospectively analyzed patients registered for retroperitoneal neuroblastoma in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) national database from 1973 to 2015. Age distribution was described and Cox proportional hazard regression was used to evaluate the measured effect of age on overall survival and disease-specific survival.A total of 399 retroperitoneal neuroblastoma patients with a median follow-up of 53.0 (interquartile range 17.0-133.5) months were included. We found a unimodal distribution of age with a median age of diagnosis to be 1.0 (interquartile range 0.0-4.0) years. Univariate analysis suggested that transformed age was associated with an increased risk of total death and disease-specific death (OR = 4.2, 95% CI 3.0-5.9; OR = 4.7, 95% CI 3.2-6.8). Adjusted smoothed plots showed a nonlinear correlation between age and disease-specific death. The risk of disease-specific death did not increase sharply as the age increased until reaching the inflection point (age < 3 years, OR = 0.4, 95% CI 0.2-1.0; age ≥ 3 years, OR = 1.2, 95% CI 0.9-1.5). There was, however, a linear relationship between age and total deaths (OR = 1.0, 95% CI 0.7-1.2). Adjusted multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that ages ≥ 3 years were associated with a significant increased risks of disease-specific death and total death (OR = 2.5, 95% CI 1.7-3.8; OR = 2.3, 95% CI 1.6-3.3, respectively).There was a unimodal age distribution of retroperitoneal neuroblastoma usually presented in infants or younger child. Older age was associated with a lower chance of overall survival and the risk of disease-specific death increased sharply after 3 years of age.

Dental material attributed to Palaeoloxodon huaihoensis from the Middle to Late Pleistocene were recovered over decades from the Penghu Channel during commercial fisheries activities. The National Museum of Nature Science (NMNS) has a collection of such dental material, which differs in size and morphology and likely represents ontogenetic variation and growth trajectory of various age groups of P. huaihoensis. However, little is known regarding age determination. By using length of dental material, enamel thickness (ET), and plate counts, we established the method to distinguish the age of the species, which is directly derived from the extant African forest elephant Loxodonta africana. When measuring signs of allometric growth, we found that in both the upper and lower jaws, tooth width was correlated negatively with lamellar frequency but positively with ET. In the same age group, the number of lamellae was higher in P. huaihoensis than in L. africana. The reconstructed age distribution indicated no difference in the upper or lower jaw. Notably, within our sample, P. huaihoensis is skewed towards adult and older individuals with median age between 33-34.5 years and differed significantly from that of Mammuthus primigenius in the European Kraków Spadzista site. This age distribution pattern is speculated to be related to the harsh environmental conditions and intense intraspecific competition among P. huaihoensis during the last ice age.

: Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is an imprinting disorder caused by lack of expression of the paternally inherited 15q11.2-q13 chromosome region. The risk of death from obesity-related complications can worsen with age, but survival trends are improving. Comorbidities and their complications such as thrombosis or blood clots and venous thromboembolism (VTE) are uncommon but reported in PWS. Two phases of analyses were conducted in our study: unadjusted and adjusted frequency with odds ratios and a regression analysis of risk factors. Individuals with PWS or non-PWS controls with exogenous obesity were identified by specific International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-9 diagnostic codes reported on more than one occasion to confirm the diagnosis of PWS or exogenous obesity in available national health claims insurance datasets. The overall average age or average age per age interval (0-17yr, 18-64yr, and 65yr+) and gender distribution in each population were similar in 3136 patients with PWS and 3945 non-PWS controls for comparison purposes, with exogenous obesity identified from two insurance health claims dataset sources (i.e., commercial and Medicare advantage or Medicaid). For example, 65.1% of the 3136 patients with PWS were less than 18 years old (subadults), 33.2% were 18-64 years old (adults), and 1.7% were 65 years or older. After adjusting for comorbidities that were identified with diagnostic codes, we found that commercially insured PWS individuals across all age cohorts were 2.55 times more likely to experience pulmonary embolism (PE) or deep vein thrombosis (DVT) than for obese controls (p-value: 0.013; confidence interval (CI) :1.22-5.32). Medi caid-insured individuals across all age cohorts with PWS were 0.85 times more likely to experience PE or DVT than obese controls (p-value: 0.60; CI: 0.46-1.56), with no indicated age difference. Age and gender were statistically significant predictors of VTEs, and they were independent of insurance coverage. There was an increase in occurrence of thrombotic events across all age cohorts within the PWS patient population when compared with their obese counterparts, regardless of insurance type.

The main etiological factor of precancerous lesion and invasive cervical cancer are oncogenic human papillomaviruses types (HPVs). The objective of this study was to establish the distribution of the most common HPVs in different cervical lesions and cancer prior to the implementation of organized population-based cervical screening and HPV vaccination in Croatia. In this study, 4,432 cervical specimens, collected through a 16-year period, were tested for the presence of HPV-DNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with three sets of broad-spectrum primers and type-specific primers for most common low-risk (LR) types (HPV-6, 11) and the most common high-risk (HR) types (HPV-16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, 58). Additional 35 archival formalin-fixed, paraffin embedded tissue of cervical cancer specimens were analyzed using LiPA25 assay. The highest age-specific HPV-prevalence was in the group 18-24 years, which decreased continuously with age (P<0.0001) regardless of the cytological diagnosis. The prevalence of HR-HPV types significantly increased (P<0.0001) with the severity of cervical lesions. HPV-16 was the most common type found with a prevalence (with or without another HPV-type) of 6.9% in normal cytology, 15.5% in atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance, 14.4% in low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions, 33.3% in high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions, and 60.9% in cervical cancer specimens (P<0.0001). This study provides comprehensive and extensive data on the distribution of the most common HPV types among Croatian women, which will enable to predict and to monitor the impact of HPV-vaccination and to design effective screening strategies in Croatia.

Dengue is the most common vector-borne viral infection. In recent times, an increase in the age of cases with clinical dengue has been reported in the national surveillance system and published literature of Vietnam. This change not only alter the risk of transmission and disease burden in different populations but also will impact for prevention and control strategies. A retrospective study was conducted from 2000 to 2015 in 19 provinces of southern Vietnam to describe the changes in age distribution of dengue cases and circulating serotypes.

Cervical cancer prevention guidelines include Human Papillomavirus (HPV) test, cytology, and HPV-16/18 typing for triage to determine the risk of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) grade 3 as the best proxy of cervical cancer risk. In doing that, they do not consider how age can modify the type-specific risk of CIN3. The present study aimed to evaluate the age-related distribution of HPV genotypes affecting the risk-assessment in cervical cancer screening programs: non-screening-type-HPV and non-HPV-16/18 in unvaccinated women with CIN3.

The presence of resilin, an elastomeric protein, in insect vein joints provides the flexible, passive deformations that are crucial to flapping flight. This study investigated the resilin gene expression and autofluorescence dynamics among Apis mellifera (honey bee) worker age classes and drone honey bees. Resilin gene expression was determined via ddPCR on whole honey bees and resilin autofluorescence was measured in the 1m-cu, 2m-cu, Cu-V, and Cu2-V joints on the forewing and the Cu-V joint of the hindwing. Resilin gene expression varied significantly with age, with resilin activity being highest in the pupae. Autofluorescence of the 1m-cu and the Cu-V joints on the ventral forewing and the Cu-V joint on the ventral hindwing varied significantly between age classes on the left and right sides of the wing, with the newly emerged honey bees having the highest level of resilin autofluorescence compared to all other groups. The results of this study suggest that resilin gene expression and deposition on the wing is age-dependent and may inform us more about the physiology of aging in honey bees.

The purpose of this study was to present our findings of the distribution pattern of choroidal arteries and large veins in patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) using indocyanine green angiography (ICGA).

New vaccines targeting meningococci expressing serogroup B polysaccharide have been developed, with some being licensed in Europe. Coverage depends on the distribution of disease-associated genotypes, which may vary by age. It is well established that a small number of hyperinvasive lineages account for most disease, and these lineages are associated with particular antigens, including vaccine candidates. A collection of 4,048 representative meningococcal disease isolates from 18 European countries, collected over a 3-year period, were characterized by multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Age data were available for 3,147 isolates. The proportions of hyperinvasive lineages, identified as particular clonal complexes (ccs) by MLST, differed among age groups. Subjects <1 year of age experienced lower risk of sequence type 11 (ST-11) cc, ST-32 cc, and ST-269 cc disease and higher risk of disease due to unassigned STs, 1- to 4-year-olds experienced lower risk of ST-11 cc and ST-32 cc disease, 5- to 14-year-olds were less likely to experience ST-11 cc and ST-269 cc disease, and ≥25-year-olds were more likely to experience disease due to less common ccs and unassigned STs. Younger and older subjects were vulnerable to a more diverse set of genotypes, indicating the more clonal nature of genotypes affecting adolescents and young adults. Knowledge of temporal and spatial diversity and the dynamics of meningococcal populations is essential for disease control by vaccines, as coverage is lineage specific. The nonrandom age distribution of hyperinvasive lineages has consequences for the design and implementation of vaccines, as different variants, or perhaps targets, may be required for different age groups.

Fungal endophytes were isolated from 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-year-old ginseng roots (Panax ginseng Meyer) cultivated in Korea. The isolated fungal endophytes were identified based on sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer and morphological characterization by microscopic observations. A total of 81 fungal endophytes were isolated from 24 ginseng roots. Fungal endophytes were classified into 9 different fungal species and 2 unknown species. Ginseng roots that were 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-years old were colonized by 2, 6, 8, and 5 species of fungal endophytes, respectively. While Phoma radicina was the most frequent fungal endophyte in 2-, 3-, and 4-year-old ginseng roots, Fusarium solani was the dominant endophyte in 1-year-old ginseng roots. The colonization frequencies (CF) varied with the host age. The CF were 12%, 40%, 31%, and 40% for 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-year-old ginseng roots, respectively. We found a variety of fungal endophytes that were distributed depending on the age of ginseng plants.

Resource patchiness and aqueous phase fragmentation in soil may induce large differences local growth conditions at submillimeter scales. These are translated to vast differences in bacterial age from cells dividing every thirty minutes in close proximity to plant roots to very old cells experiencing negligible growth in adjacent nutrient poor patches. In this study, we link bacterial population demographics with localized soil and hydration conditions to predict emerging generation time distributions and estimate mean bacterial cell ages using mechanistic and heuristic models of bacterial life in soil. Results show heavy-tailed distributions of generation times that resemble a power law for certain conditions, suggesting that we may find bacterial cells of vastly different ages living side by side within small soil volumes. Our results imply that individual bacteria may exist concurrently with all of their ancestors, resulting in an archive of bacterial cells with traits that have been gained (and lost) throughout time-a feature unique to microbial life. This reservoir of bacterial strains and the potential for the reemergence of rare strains with specific functions may be critical for ecosystem stability and function.

Introduction Treating paediatric patient fractures comprises a large part of any orthopaedic trauma service. The majority of fractures take place during sports and recreational activities. In this study, we examined the incidence of fractures and their distribution according to patient age. Methods We collected retrospective data from all the paediatric age group patients (under age 18) referred to our orthopaedic service from August 2015 to July 2016. We collected data for 1022 patients during one calendar year. Results We noted 1022 paediatric fracture presentations in one calendar year, with a 48.63% incidence in male patients and 51.36% in female patients. The age with the highest incidence was 16 years in boys and 11 years in girls. Upper limb fractures were more common than lower limb fractures in most of the subgroups. Conclusions These insights into paediatric fracture distribution provide an opportunity to evaluate the resources in hospitals allocated to emergency and orthopaedic departments regarding their capacity to treat fractures in paediatric patients.