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The amygdala projects to hippocampus in pathways through which affective or social stimuli may influence learning and memory. We investigated the still unknown amygdalar termination patterns and their postsynaptic targets in hippocampus from system to synapse in rhesus monkeys of both sexes. The amygdala robustly innervated the stratum lacunosum-moleculare layer of cornu ammonis fields and uncus anteriorly. Sparser terminations in posterior hippocampus innervated the radiatum and pyramidal layers at the prosubicular/CA1 juncture. The terminations, which were larger than other afferents in the surrounding neuropil, position the amygdala to influence hippocampal input anteriorly, and its output posteriorly. Most amygdalar boutons (76-80%) innervated spines of excitatory hippocampal neurons, and most of the remaining innervated presumed inhibitory neurons, identified by morphology and label with parvalbumin or calretinin, which distinguished nonoverlapping neurochemical classes of hippocampal inhibitory neurons. In CA1, amygdalar axons innervated some calretinin neurons, which disinhibit pyramidal neurons. By contrast, in CA3 the amygdala innervated both calretinin and parvalbumin neurons; the latter strongly inhibit nearby excitatory neurons. In CA3, amygdalar pathways also made closely spaced dual synapses on excitatory neurons. The strong excitatory synapses in CA3 may facilitate affective context representations and trigger sharp-wave ripples associated with memory consolidation. When the amygdala is excessively activated during traumatic events, the specialized innervation of excitatory neurons and the powerful parvalbumin inhibitory neurons in CA3 may allow the suppression of activity of nearby neurons that receive weaker nonamygdalar input, leading to biased passage of highly charged affective stimuli and generalized fear.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Strong pathways from the amygdala targeted the anterior hippocampus, and more weakly its posterior sectors, positioned to influence a variety of emotional and cognitive functions. In hippocampal field CA1, the amygdala innervated some calretinin neurons, which disinhibit excitatory neurons. By contrast, in CA3 the amygdala innervated calretinin as well as some of the powerful parvalbumin inhibitory neurons and may help balance the activity of neural ensembles to allow social interactions, learning, and memory. These results suggest that when the amygdala is hyperactive during emotional upheaval, it strongly activates excitatory hippocampal neurons and parvalbumin inhibitory neurons in CA3, which can suppress nearby neurons that receive weaker input from other sources, biasing the passage of stimuli with high emotional import and leading to generalized fear.
Pubmed ID: 30249799 RIS Download
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View all literature mentionsSoftware package used for interactive, or batched, statistical analysis in social science, health sciences and marketing. Software platform offers advanced statistical analysis, a library of machine-learning algorithms, text analysis, open-source extensibility, integration with big data and deployment into applications.Versions that were produced by SPSS Inc. before the IBM acquisition (Versions 18 and earlier) would be given origin or publisher of SPSS Inc. in Chicago.
View all literature mentionsA Windows (Win32) software application for montaging, aligning, tracing, measuring, and reconstructing objects from serial microscopic section images. The software is designed for microscopy in which section resolution is much less than section thickness, such as transmitted electron microscopy (EM) where the resolution is a few nanometers while the section thickness is many tens of nanometers. Reconstruct can easily handle series with hundreds of very large, high-resolution section images. It facilitates image cropping, scaling and alignment. Multiple images can be placed side-by-side to make a montage of a section from a mosaic of images. The alignment of adjacent sections can be rapidly compared by either blending the two sections or by flickering between them. Sections can be moved while blended. Reconstruct aids in the calibration of image size. Images taken at different magnifications can be combined, calibrated and aligned. Tools for tracing and editing of objects on sections are provided. Objects can be surfaced from the traces and previewed in an OpenGL-based 3D scene window. The 3D scene can be saved as a bitmap or as a VRML file.
View all literature mentionsNeurolucida is advanced scientific software for brain mapping, neuron reconstruction, anatomical mapping, and morphometry. Since its debut more than 20 years ago, Neurolucida has continued to evolve and has become the worldwide gold-standard for neuron reconstruction and 3D mapping. Neurolucida has the flexibility to handle data in many formats: using live images from digital or video cameras; stored image sets from confocal microscopes, electron microscopes, and scanning tomographic sources, or through the microscope oculars using the patented LucividTM. Neurolucida controls a motorized XYZ stage for integrated navigation through tissue sections, allowing for sophisticated analysis from many fields-of-view. Neurolucidas Serial Section Manager integrates unlimited sections into a single data file, maintaining each section in aligned 3D space for full quantitative analysis. Neurolucidas neuron tracing capabilities include 3D measurement and reconstruction of branching processes. Neurolucida also features sophisticated tools for mapping delineate and map anatomical regions for detailed morphometric analyses. Neurolucida uses advanced computer-controlled microscopy techniques to obtain accurate results and speed your work. Plug-in modules are available for confocal and MRI analysis, 3D solid modeling, and virtual slide creation. The user-friendly interface gives you rapid results, allowing you to acquire data and capture the full 3D extent of neurons and brain regions. You can reconstruct neurons or create 3D serial reconstructions directly from slides or acquired images, and Neurolucida offers full microscope control for brightfield, fluorescent, and confocal microscopes. Its added compatibility with 64-bit Microsoft Vista enables reconstructions with even larger images, image stacks, and virtual slides. Adding the Solid Modeling Module allows you to rotate and view your reconstructions in real time. Neurolucida is available in two separate versions Standard and Workstation. The Standard version enables control of microscope hardware, whereas the Workstation version is used for offline analysis away from the microscope. Neurolucida provides quantitative analysis with results presented in graphical or spreadsheet format exportable to Microsoft Excel. Overall, features include: - Tracing Neurons - Anatomical Mapping - Image Processing and Analysis Features - Editing - Morphometric Analysis - Hardware Integration - Cell Analysis - Visualization Features Sponsors: Neurolucida is supported by MBF Bioscience.
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View all literature mentionsStereo Investigator system includes microscope, computer, and Stereo Investigator software. Software works with Brightfield, Multi-Channel Fluorescence, Confocal, and Structured Illumination Microscopes. System used to provide estimates of number, length, area, and volume of cells or biological structures in tissue specimen in areas of neuroscience including neurodegenerative diseases, neuropathy, memory, and behavior, pulmonary research, spinal cord research, and toxicology.
View all literature mentionsThis unknown targets
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View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal targets Tetramethylrhodamine
View all literature mentionsThis unknown targets Fluorescein/Oregon Green
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal secondary targets IgG (H+L)
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal targets GABA
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal secondary targets IgG (H+L)
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets parvalbumin
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal targets IgG
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets Calretinin (CR)
View all literature mentionsSoftware package used for interactive, or batched, statistical analysis in social science, health sciences and marketing. Software platform offers advanced statistical analysis, a library of machine-learning algorithms, text analysis, open-source extensibility, integration with big data and deployment into applications.Versions that were produced by SPSS Inc. before the IBM acquisition (Versions 18 and earlier) would be given origin or publisher of SPSS Inc. in Chicago.
View all literature mentionsA Windows (Win32) software application for montaging, aligning, tracing, measuring, and reconstructing objects from serial microscopic section images. The software is designed for microscopy in which section resolution is much less than section thickness, such as transmitted electron microscopy (EM) where the resolution is a few nanometers while the section thickness is many tens of nanometers. Reconstruct can easily handle series with hundreds of very large, high-resolution section images. It facilitates image cropping, scaling and alignment. Multiple images can be placed side-by-side to make a montage of a section from a mosaic of images. The alignment of adjacent sections can be rapidly compared by either blending the two sections or by flickering between them. Sections can be moved while blended. Reconstruct aids in the calibration of image size. Images taken at different magnifications can be combined, calibrated and aligned. Tools for tracing and editing of objects on sections are provided. Objects can be surfaced from the traces and previewed in an OpenGL-based 3D scene window. The 3D scene can be saved as a bitmap or as a VRML file.
View all literature mentionsSoftware package of 2D and 3D restoration algorithms.Advanced image deconvolution and 3D visualization software for Life Science Researchers.
View all literature mentionsStereo Investigator system includes microscope, computer, and Stereo Investigator software. Software works with Brightfield, Multi-Channel Fluorescence, Confocal, and Structured Illumination Microscopes. System used to provide estimates of number, length, area, and volume of cells or biological structures in tissue specimen in areas of neuroscience including neurodegenerative diseases, neuropathy, memory, and behavior, pulmonary research, spinal cord research, and toxicology.
View all literature mentionsNeurolucida is advanced scientific software for brain mapping, neuron reconstruction, anatomical mapping, and morphometry. Since its debut more than 20 years ago, Neurolucida has continued to evolve and has become the worldwide gold-standard for neuron reconstruction and 3D mapping. Neurolucida has the flexibility to handle data in many formats: using live images from digital or video cameras; stored image sets from confocal microscopes, electron microscopes, and scanning tomographic sources, or through the microscope oculars using the patented LucividTM. Neurolucida controls a motorized XYZ stage for integrated navigation through tissue sections, allowing for sophisticated analysis from many fields-of-view. Neurolucidas Serial Section Manager integrates unlimited sections into a single data file, maintaining each section in aligned 3D space for full quantitative analysis. Neurolucidas neuron tracing capabilities include 3D measurement and reconstruction of branching processes. Neurolucida also features sophisticated tools for mapping delineate and map anatomical regions for detailed morphometric analyses. Neurolucida uses advanced computer-controlled microscopy techniques to obtain accurate results and speed your work. Plug-in modules are available for confocal and MRI analysis, 3D solid modeling, and virtual slide creation. The user-friendly interface gives you rapid results, allowing you to acquire data and capture the full 3D extent of neurons and brain regions. You can reconstruct neurons or create 3D serial reconstructions directly from slides or acquired images, and Neurolucida offers full microscope control for brightfield, fluorescent, and confocal microscopes. Its added compatibility with 64-bit Microsoft Vista enables reconstructions with even larger images, image stacks, and virtual slides. Adding the Solid Modeling Module allows you to rotate and view your reconstructions in real time. Neurolucida is available in two separate versions Standard and Workstation. The Standard version enables control of microscope hardware, whereas the Workstation version is used for offline analysis away from the microscope. Neurolucida provides quantitative analysis with results presented in graphical or spreadsheet format exportable to Microsoft Excel. Overall, features include: - Tracing Neurons - Anatomical Mapping - Image Processing and Analysis Features - Editing - Morphometric Analysis - Hardware Integration - Cell Analysis - Visualization Features Sponsors: Neurolucida is supported by MBF Bioscience.
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal targets Mouse
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal targets IgG (H+L)
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal secondary targets IgG (H+L)
View all literature mentionsThis unknown targets Mouse IgG (H+L)
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal secondary targets IgG (H+L)
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal targets Tetramethylrhodamine
View all literature mentionsThis unknown targets Fluorescein/Oregon Green
View all literature mentionsThis unknown targets
View all literature mentionsThis unknown targets
View all literature mentionsThis unknown targets
View all literature mentionsThis unknown targets Parvalbumin
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal targets GABA
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets parvalbumin
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets Calretinin (CR)
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal targets IgG
View all literature mentionsSoftware package used for interactive, or batched, statistical analysis in social science, health sciences and marketing. Software platform offers advanced statistical analysis, a library of machine-learning algorithms, text analysis, open-source extensibility, integration with big data and deployment into applications.Versions that were produced by SPSS Inc. before the IBM acquisition (Versions 18 and earlier) would be given origin or publisher of SPSS Inc. in Chicago.
View all literature mentionsA Windows (Win32) software application for montaging, aligning, tracing, measuring, and reconstructing objects from serial microscopic section images. The software is designed for microscopy in which section resolution is much less than section thickness, such as transmitted electron microscopy (EM) where the resolution is a few nanometers while the section thickness is many tens of nanometers. Reconstruct can easily handle series with hundreds of very large, high-resolution section images. It facilitates image cropping, scaling and alignment. Multiple images can be placed side-by-side to make a montage of a section from a mosaic of images. The alignment of adjacent sections can be rapidly compared by either blending the two sections or by flickering between them. Sections can be moved while blended. Reconstruct aids in the calibration of image size. Images taken at different magnifications can be combined, calibrated and aligned. Tools for tracing and editing of objects on sections are provided. Objects can be surfaced from the traces and previewed in an OpenGL-based 3D scene window. The 3D scene can be saved as a bitmap or as a VRML file.
View all literature mentionsSoftware package of 2D and 3D restoration algorithms.Advanced image deconvolution and 3D visualization software for Life Science Researchers.
View all literature mentionsStereo Investigator system includes microscope, computer, and Stereo Investigator software. Software works with Brightfield, Multi-Channel Fluorescence, Confocal, and Structured Illumination Microscopes. System used to provide estimates of number, length, area, and volume of cells or biological structures in tissue specimen in areas of neuroscience including neurodegenerative diseases, neuropathy, memory, and behavior, pulmonary research, spinal cord research, and toxicology.
View all literature mentionsNeurolucida is advanced scientific software for brain mapping, neuron reconstruction, anatomical mapping, and morphometry. Since its debut more than 20 years ago, Neurolucida has continued to evolve and has become the worldwide gold-standard for neuron reconstruction and 3D mapping. Neurolucida has the flexibility to handle data in many formats: using live images from digital or video cameras; stored image sets from confocal microscopes, electron microscopes, and scanning tomographic sources, or through the microscope oculars using the patented LucividTM. Neurolucida controls a motorized XYZ stage for integrated navigation through tissue sections, allowing for sophisticated analysis from many fields-of-view. Neurolucidas Serial Section Manager integrates unlimited sections into a single data file, maintaining each section in aligned 3D space for full quantitative analysis. Neurolucidas neuron tracing capabilities include 3D measurement and reconstruction of branching processes. Neurolucida also features sophisticated tools for mapping delineate and map anatomical regions for detailed morphometric analyses. Neurolucida uses advanced computer-controlled microscopy techniques to obtain accurate results and speed your work. Plug-in modules are available for confocal and MRI analysis, 3D solid modeling, and virtual slide creation. The user-friendly interface gives you rapid results, allowing you to acquire data and capture the full 3D extent of neurons and brain regions. You can reconstruct neurons or create 3D serial reconstructions directly from slides or acquired images, and Neurolucida offers full microscope control for brightfield, fluorescent, and confocal microscopes. Its added compatibility with 64-bit Microsoft Vista enables reconstructions with even larger images, image stacks, and virtual slides. Adding the Solid Modeling Module allows you to rotate and view your reconstructions in real time. Neurolucida is available in two separate versions Standard and Workstation. The Standard version enables control of microscope hardware, whereas the Workstation version is used for offline analysis away from the microscope. Neurolucida provides quantitative analysis with results presented in graphical or spreadsheet format exportable to Microsoft Excel. Overall, features include: - Tracing Neurons - Anatomical Mapping - Image Processing and Analysis Features - Editing - Morphometric Analysis - Hardware Integration - Cell Analysis - Visualization Features Sponsors: Neurolucida is supported by MBF Bioscience.
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal targets Mouse
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal targets IgG (H+L)
View all literature mentionsThis unknown targets Mouse IgG (H+L)
View all literature mentionsThis unknown targets Parvalbumin
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