Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) combine direct photosensitivity through melanopsin with synaptically mediated drive from classical photoreceptors through bipolar-cell input. Here, we sought to provide a fuller description of the least understood ipRGC type, the M5 cell, and discovered a distinctive functional characteristic-chromatic opponency (ultraviolet excitatory, green inhibitory). Serial electron microscopic reconstructions revealed that M5 cells receive selective UV-opsin drive from Type 9 cone bipolar cells but also mixed cone signals from bipolar Types 6, 7, and 8. Recordings suggest that both excitation and inhibition are driven by the ON channel and that chromatic opponency results from M-cone-driven surround inhibition mediated by wide-field spiking GABAergic amacrine cells. We show that M5 cells send axons to the dLGN and are thus positioned to provide chromatic signals to visual cortex. These findings underscore that melanopsin's influence extends beyond unconscious reflex functions to encompass cortical vision, perhaps including the perception of color.
Pubmed ID: 29249284 RIS Download
Publication data is provided by the National Library of Medicine ® and PubMed ®. Data is retrieved from PubMed ® on a weekly schedule. For terms and conditions see the National Library of Medicine Terms and Conditions.
Open source interactive software application for three dimentional medical images, manual delineation of anatomical regions of interest, and performing automatic image segmentation. Used for delineating anatomical structures and regions in MRI, CT and other 3D biomedical imaging data.
View all literature mentionsThis unknown targets Rabbit
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets Human DNA Polymerase Beta (POLB)
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal secondary targets Goat IgG (H+L)
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal secondary targets IgG (H+L)
View all literature mentionsThis unknown targets Rabbit IgG (H+L)
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal targets Mouse Melanopsin
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal targets Choline Acetyltransferase
View all literature mentionsOpen source, multi platform data analysis and visualization application. ParaView users can quickly build visualizations to analyze their data using qualitative and quantitative techniques. The data exploration can be done interactively in 3D or programmatically using ParaView's batch processing capabilities. ParaView was developed to analyze extremely large datasets using distributed memory computing resources. It can be run on supercomputers to analyze datasets of terascale as well as on laptops for smaller data.
View all literature mentionsSoftware tool for the visualization and annotation of 3D image data and was developed for the rapid reconstruction of neural morphology and connectivity. By dynamically loading only data from the surround of the current view point, seamless navigation is not limited to datasets that fit into the available RAM but works with much larger dataset stored in a special format on disk. Currently, KNOSSOS is limited to 8-bit data. In addition to viewing and navigating, KNOSSOS allows efficient manual neurite annotation (''skeletonization''). KNOSSOS is being used mostly for reconstructing cell morphologies from 3D electron microscopic data generated by Serial Block-Face Electron Microscopy (SBEM), with an occasional application to 2-photon and confocal optical microscopy data.
View all literature mentionsCore facility to access a comprehensive range of resources and services for gene transfer research including vector production services for research, preclinical and clinical materials. Services include: * Adeno-associated Virus (AAV) Custom Production; * AAV In-Stock Aliquots: Reporters, Deisseroth, Boyden, Roth, Uchida, Shah; * Lentivirus Custom Production
View all literature mentions