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The genetic basis of most human disease cannot be explained by common variants. One solution to this 'missing heritability problem' may be rare missense variants, which are individually scarce but collectively abundant. However, the phenotypic impact of rare variants is under-appreciated as gene function is normally studied in the context of a single 'wild-type' sequence. Here, we explore the impact of naturally occurring missense variants in the human population on the cytosolic antibody receptor TRIM21, using volunteer cells with variant haplotypes, CRISPR gene editing and functional reconstitution. In combination with data from a panel of computational predictors, the results suggest that protein robustness and purifying selection ensure that function is remarkably well-maintained despite coding variation.
Pubmed ID: 31613747 RIS Download
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Non-profit plasmid repository dedicated to helping scientists around the world share high-quality plasmids. Facilitates archiving and distributing DNA-based research reagents and associated data to scientists worldwide. Repository contains over 65,000 plasmids, including special collections on CRISPR, fluorescent proteins, and ready-to-use viral preparations. There is no cost for scientists to deposit plasmids, which saves time and money associated with shipping plasmids themselves. All plasmids are fully sequenced for validation and sequencing data is openly available. We handle the appropriate Material Transfer Agreements (MTA) with institutions, facilitating open exchange and offering intellectual property and liability protection for depositing scientists. Furthermore, we curate free educational resources for the scientific community including a blog, eBooks, video protocols, and detailed molecular biology resources.
View all literature mentionsSoftware package as distribution of ImageJ and ImageJ2 together with Java, Java3D and plugins organized into coherent menu structure. Used to assist research in life sciences.
View all literature mentionsCollection of genome databases for vertebrates and other eukaryotic species with DNA and protein sequence search capabilities. Used to automatically annotate genome, integrate this annotation with other available biological data and make data publicly available via web. Ensembl tools include BLAST, BLAT, BioMart and the Variant Effect Predictor (VEP) for all supported species.
View all literature mentionsCentral repository for collection of functional information on proteins, with accurate and consistent annotation. In addition to capturing core data mandatory for each UniProtKB entry (mainly, the amino acid sequence, protein name or description, taxonomic data and citation information), as much annotation information as possible is added. This includes widely accepted biological ontologies, classifications and cross-references, and experimental and computational data. The UniProt Knowledgebase consists of two sections, UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot and UniProtKB/TrEMBL. UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot (reviewed) is a high quality manually annotated and non-redundant protein sequence database which brings together experimental results, computed features, and scientific conclusions. UniProtKB/TrEMBL (unreviewed) contains protein sequences associated with computationally generated annotation and large-scale functional characterization that await full manual annotation. Users may browse by taxonomy, keyword, gene ontology, enzyme class or pathway.
View all literature mentionsA web server that predicts the functional impact of amino-acid substitutions in proteins, such as mutations discovered in cancer or nonsynonymous polymorphisms. The functional impact is assessed based on evolutionary conservation of the affected amino acid in protein homologs. The method has been validated on a large set (51k) of disease associated (OMIM) and polymorphic variants.
View all literature mentionsSoftware for single-cell flow cytometry analysis. Its functions include management, display, manipulation, analysis and publication of the data stream produced by flow and mass cytometers.
View all literature mentionsA commercial organization which provides assay technologies to isolate DNA, RNA, and proteins from any biological sample. Assay technologies are then used to make specific target biomolecules, such as the DNA of a specific virus, visible for subsequent analysis.
View all literature mentionsAmerican chemical, life science and biotechnology company owned by Merck KGaA. Merger of Sigma Chemical Company and Aldrich Chemical Company. Provides organic and inorganic chemicals, building blocks, reagents, advanced materials and stable isotopes for chemical synthesis, medicinal chemistry and materials science, antibiotics, buffers, carbohydrates, enzymes, forensic tools, hematology and histology, nucleotides, proteins, peptides, amino acids and their derivatives.
View all literature mentionsDatabases which provide clustered sets of sequences from UniProt Knowledgebase and selected UniParc records, in order to obtain complete coverage of sequence space at several resolutions while hiding redundant sequences from view. The UniRef100 database combines identical sequences and sub-fragments with 11 or more residues (from any organism) into a single UniRef entry. The sequence of a representative protein, the accession numbers of all the merged entries, and links to the corresponding UniProtKB and UniParc records are all displayed in the entry. UniRef90 and UniRef50 are built by clustering UniRef100 sequences with 11 or more residues such that each cluster is composed of sequences that have at least 90% (UniRef90) or 50% (UniRef50) sequence identity to the longest sequence (UniRef seed sequence). All the sequences in each cluster are ranked to facilitate the selection of a representative sequence for the cluster.
View all literature mentionsData analysis service to predict whether an amino acid substitution affects protein function based on sequence homology and the physical properties of amino acids. SIFT can be applied to naturally occurring nonsynonymous polymorphisms and laboratory-induced missense mutations. (entry from Genetic Analysis Software) Web service is also available.
View all literature mentionsA commercial antibody supplier which supplies primary and secondary antibodies, biochemicals, proteins, peptides, lysates, immunoassays and other kits.
View all literature mentionsSoftware tool which predicts possible impact of amino acid substitution on structure and function of human protein using straightforward physical and comparative considerations. PolyPhen-2 is new development of PolyPhen tool for annotating coding nonsynonymous SNPs.
View all literature mentionsCell line HeLa is a Cancer cell line with a species of origin Homo sapiens
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal targets IgG
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View all literature mentionsThis unknown targets IgG
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal secondary targets IgG (H+L)
View all literature mentionsThis unknown targets Rabbit IgG, whole molecule
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View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal targets Mouse IgG (Fc specific)-Peroxidase antibody produced in goat
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets Human TRIM21
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View all literature mentionsTHIS RESOURCE IS NO LONGER IN SERVICE. Documented on September 28,2023. Software application which can analyze basic Western blot data and export them for use in spreadsheet programs. Users can create standardized or custom lab reports and can share them with colleagues. Image Studio Lite has been discontinued and replaced with Empiria Studio Software.
View all literature mentionsSoftware environment and programming language for statistical computing and graphics. R is integrated suite of software facilities for data manipulation, calculation and graphical display. Can be extended via packages. Some packages are supplied with the R distribution and more are available through CRAN family.It compiles and runs on wide variety of UNIX platforms, Windows and MacOS.
View all literature mentionsDatabase that aggregates exome and genome sequencing data from large-scale sequencing projects. The gnomAD data set contains individuals sequenced using multiple exome capture methods and sequencing chemistries. Raw data from the projects have been reprocessed through the same pipeline, and jointly variant-called to increase consistency across projects.
View all literature mentionsInternational collaboration producing an extensive public catalog of human genetic variation, including SNPs and structural variants, and their haplotype contexts, in an effort to provide a foundation for investigating the relationship between genotype and phenotype. The genomes of about 2500 unidentified people from about 25 populations around the world were sequenced using next-generation sequencing technologies. Redundant sequencing on various platforms and by different groups of scientists of the same samples can be compared. The results of the study are freely and publicly accessible to researchers worldwide. The consortium identified the following populations whose DNA will be sequenced: Yoruba in Ibadan, Nigeria; Japanese in Tokyo; Chinese in Beijing; Utah residents with ancestry from northern and western Europe; Luhya in Webuye, Kenya; Maasai in Kinyawa, Kenya; Toscani in Italy; Gujarati Indians in Houston; Chinese in metropolitan Denver; people of Mexican ancestry in Los Angeles; and people of African ancestry in the southwestern United States. The goal Project is to find most genetic variants that have frequencies of at least 1% in the populations studied. Sequencing is still too expensive to deeply sequence the many samples being studied for this project. However, any particular region of the genome generally contains a limited number of haplotypes. Data can be combined across many samples to allow efficient detection of most of the variants in a region. The Project currently plans to sequence each sample to about 4X coverage; at this depth sequencing cannot provide the complete genotype of each sample, but should allow the detection of most variants with frequencies as low as 1%. Combining the data from 2500 samples should allow highly accurate estimation (imputation) of the variants and genotypes for each sample that were not seen directly by the light sequencing. All samples from the 1000 genomes are available as lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) and LCL derived DNA from the Coriell Cell Repository as part of the NHGRI Catalog. The sequence and alignment data generated by the 1000genomes project is made available as quickly as possible via their mirrored ftp sites. ftp://ftp.1000genomes.ebi.ac.uk ftp://ftp-trace.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1000genomes
View all literature mentionsStatistical analysis software that combines scientific graphing, comprehensive curve fitting (nonlinear regression), understandable statistics, and data organization. Designed for biological research applications in pharmacology, physiology, and other biological fields for data analysis, hypothesis testing, and modeling.
View all literature mentionsDNA samples and cell lines from fifteen populations, including the samples used for the International HapMap Project, the HapMap 3 Project and the 1000 Genomes Project (except for the CEPH samples). All of the samples were contributed with consent to broad data release and to their use in many future studies, including for extensive genotyping and sequencing, gene expression and proteomics studies, and all other types of genetic variation research. NHGRI led the contribution of the NIH to the International HapMap Project, which developed a haplotype map of the human genome. This haplotype map, called the HapMap is a publicly available tool that allows researchers to find genes and genetic variations that affect health and disease. The samples from four populations used to develop the HapMap were initially housed in the Human Genetic Cell Repository of the National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS). Except for the Utah CEPH samples that were in the NIGMS Repository before the initiation of the HapMap Project and remain there, the NHGRI Repository now houses all of the HapMap samples. The NHGRI repository also houses the extended set of HapMap samples, which includes additional samples from the HapMap populations and samples from seven additional populations. All of the samples were collected with extensive community engagement, including discussions with members of the donor communities about the ethical and social implications of human genetic variation research. These samples were studied as part of the HapMap 3 Project. The NHGRI repository also houses the samples for the International 1000 Genomes Project. This Project is lightly sequencing genome-wide 2500 samples from 27 populations. This project aims to provide a detailed map of human genetic variation, including common and rare SNPs and structural variants. This map will allow more precise localization of genomic regions that contribute to health and disease. The 1000 Genomes Project includes many of the samples from the HapMap and extended set of HapMap samples, as well as samples being collected from additional populations. Currently, samples from five additional populations are available; the others will become available during 2011 and 2012. No identifying or phenotypic information is available for the samples. Donors gave broad consent for use of the samples, including for genotyping, sequencing, and cellular phenotype studies. Samples collected from other populations for the study of human genetic variation may be added to the collection in the future. The NHGRI Repository distributes high quality lymphoblastoid cell lines and DNA from the samples to researchers. DNA is provided in plates or panels of 70 to 100 samples or as individual samples. Cell cultures and DNA samples are distributed only to qualified professional persons who are associated with recognized research, medical, educational, or industrial organizations engaged in health-related research or health delivery.
View all literature mentionsCell line HEK293T is a Transformed cell line with a species of origin Homo sapiens (Human)
View all literature mentionsTHIS RESOURCE IS NO LONGER IN SERVICE. Documented on September 28,2023. Software application which can analyze basic Western blot data and export them for use in spreadsheet programs. Users can create standardized or custom lab reports and can share them with colleagues. Image Studio Lite has been discontinued and replaced with Empiria Studio Software.
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