GABA neurons in the VTA and SNc play key roles in reward and aversion through their local inhibitory control of dopamine neuron activity and through long-range projections to several target regions including the nucleus accumbens. It is not clear whether some of these GABA neurons are dedicated local interneurons or if they all collateralize and send projections externally as well as making local synaptic connections. Testing between these possibilities has been challenging in the absence of interneuron-specific molecular markers. We hypothesized that one potential candidate might be neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), a common interneuronal marker in other brain regions. To test this, we used a combination of immunolabelling (including antibodies for nNOS that we validated in tissue from nNOS-deficient mice) and cell type-specific virus-based anterograde tracing in mice. We found that nNOS-expressing neurons, in the parabrachial pigmented (PBP) part of the VTA and the SNc were GABAergic and did not make detectable projections, suggesting they may be interneurons. In contrast, nNOS-expressing neurons in the rostral linear nucleus (RLi) were mostly glutamatergic and projected to a number of regions, including the lateral hypothalamus (LH), the ventral pallidum (VP), and the median raphe (MnR) nucleus. Taken together, these findings indicate that nNOS is expressed by neurochemically- and anatomically-distinct neuronal sub-groups in a sub-region-specific manner in the VTA and SNc.
Pubmed ID: 30456293 RIS Download
Publication data is provided by the National Library of Medicine ® and PubMed ®. Data is retrieved from PubMed ® on a weekly schedule. For terms and conditions see the National Library of Medicine Terms and Conditions.
Non-profit plasmid repository dedicated to helping scientists around the world share high-quality plasmids. Facilitates archiving and distributing DNA-based research reagents and associated data to scientists worldwide. Repository contains over 65,000 plasmids, including special collections on CRISPR, fluorescent proteins, and ready-to-use viral preparations. There is no cost for scientists to deposit plasmids, which saves time and money associated with shipping plasmids themselves. All plasmids are fully sequenced for validation and sequencing data is openly available. We handle the appropriate Material Transfer Agreements (MTA) with institutions, facilitating open exchange and offering intellectual property and liability protection for depositing scientists. Furthermore, we curate free educational resources for the scientific community including a blog, eBooks, video protocols, and detailed molecular biology resources.
View all literature mentionsSoftware package as distribution of ImageJ and ImageJ2 together with Java, Java3D and plugins organized into coherent menu structure. Used to assist research in life sciences.
View all literature mentionsThis unknown targets Mouse IgG (H+L)
View all literature mentionsThis unknown targets IgG (H+L)
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal targets Dopa Decarboxylase
View all literature mentionsThis unknown targets Mouse IgG (H+L)
View all literature mentionsThis unknown targets Chicken IgY (IgG) (H+L)
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal secondary targets IgG (H+L)
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets HA
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal targets VGAT (cytoplasmic domain)
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal secondary targets IgY (H+L)
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal targets Tyrosine Hydroxylase
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal targets HA tag - ChIP Grade
View all literature mentionsThis unknown targets Nitric Oxide Synthase, Brain, aa 251-270
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets Dopamine Transporter N-terminus clone DAT-Nt
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal targets Rabbit IgG (H+L)
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets Nitric Oxide Synthase
View all literature mentionsThis unknown targets Guinea Pig IgG (H+L)
View all literature mentionsThis unknown targets Vesicular Glutamate Transporter 2
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal targets Substance P
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal targets IgG (H+L)
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal targets Serotonin
View all literature mentionsMus musculus with name B6.129S4-Nos1tm1Plh/J from IMSR.
View all literature mentionsMus musculus with name STOCK Slc32a1tm2(cre)Lowl/J from IMSR.
View all literature mentionsMus musculus with name C57BL/6NCrl from IMSR.
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal targets VGAT (cytoplasmic domain)
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal targets Dopa Decarboxylase
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal targets Substance P
View all literature mentionsThis unknown targets Chicken IgY (IgG) (H+L)
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal targets Tyrosine Hydroxylase
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets Dopamine Transporter N-terminus clone DAT-Nt
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets Nitric Oxide Synthase
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal targets Dopa Decarboxylase
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal secondary targets IgG (H+L)
View all literature mentionsMus musculus with name B6.129S4-Nos1tm1Plh/J from IMSR.
View all literature mentionsMus musculus with name C57BL/6NCrl from IMSR.
View all literature mentionsMus musculus with name STOCK Slc32a1tm2(cre)Lowl/J from IMSR.
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal targets Rabbit IgG (H+L)
View all literature mentionsThis unknown targets Mouse IgG (H+L)
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal targets IgG (H+L)
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal secondary targets IgY (H+L)
View all literature mentionsThis unknown targets Guinea Pig IgG (H+L)
View all literature mentionsThis unknown targets IgG (H+L)
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal targets Serotonin
View all literature mentionsThis unknown targets Mouse IgG (H+L)
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets HA
View all literature mentionsThis unknown targets Vesicular Glutamate Transporter 2
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal targets HA tag - ChIP Grade
View all literature mentionsThis unknown targets Nitric Oxide Synthase, Brain, aa 251-270
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets Nitric Oxide Synthase
View all literature mentionsThis unknown targets Nitric Oxide Synthase, Brain, aa 251-270
View all literature mentionsMus musculus with name STOCK Slc32a1tm2(cre)Lowl/J from IMSR.
View all literature mentionsMus musculus with name B6.129S4-Nos1tm1Plh/J from IMSR.
View all literature mentionsMus musculus with name C57BL/6NCrl from IMSR.
View all literature mentions