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Stage-Specific Transcription Factors Drive Astrogliogenesis by Remodeling Gene Regulatory Landscapes.

Cell stem cell | 2018

A broad molecular framework of how neural stem cells are specified toward astrocyte fate during brain development has proven elusive. Here we perform comprehensive and integrated transcriptomic and epigenomic analyses to delineate gene regulatory programs that drive the developmental trajectory from mouse embryonic stem cells to astrocytes. We report molecularly distinct phases of astrogliogenesis that exhibit stage- and lineage-specific transcriptomic and epigenetic signatures with unique primed and active chromatin regions, thereby revealing regulatory elements and transcriptional programs underlying astrocyte generation and maturation. By searching for transcription factors that function at these elements, we identified NFIA and ATF3 as drivers of astrocyte differentiation from neural precursor cells while RUNX2 promotes astrocyte maturation. These transcription factors facilitate stage-specific gene expression programs by switching the chromatin state of their target regulatory elements from primed to active. Altogether, these findings provide integrated insights into the genetic and epigenetic mechanisms steering the trajectory of astrogliogenesis.

Pubmed ID: 30290178 RIS Download

Research resources used in this publication

Antibodies used in this publication

Associated grants

  • Agency: Wellcome Trust, United Kingdom
    Id: 206410/Z/17/Z
  • Agency: Medical Research Council, United Kingdom
    Id: MR/N026063/1
  • Agency: Wellcome Trust, United Kingdom
    Id: 206410/Z/17

Publication data is provided by the National Library of Medicine ® and PubMed ®. Data is retrieved from PubMed ® on a weekly schedule. For terms and conditions see the National Library of Medicine Terms and Conditions.

This is a list of tools and resources that we have found mentioned in this publication.


Bioconductor (tool)

RRID:SCR_006442

Software repository for R packages related to analysis and comprehension of high throughput genomic data. Uses separate set of commands for installation of packages. Software project based on R programming language that provides tools for analysis and comprehension of high throughput genomic data.

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PeproTech (tool)

RRID:SCR_006802

An Antibody supplier

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QIAGEN (tool)

RRID:SCR_008539

A commercial organization which provides assay technologies to isolate DNA, RNA, and proteins from any biological sample. Assay technologies are then used to make specific target biomolecules, such as the DNA of a specific virus, visible for subsequent analysis.

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BD Biosciences (tool)

RRID:SCR_013311

An Antibody supplier

View all literature mentions

Bowtie (tool)

RRID:SCR_005476

Software ultrafast memory efficient tool for aligning sequencing reads. Bowtie is short read aligner.

View all literature mentions

BIOMOL (tool)

RRID:SCR_013545

An Antibody supplier

View all literature mentions

Adobe Photoshop (tool)

RRID:SCR_014199

Software for image processing, analysis, and editing. The software includes features such as touch capabilities, a customizable toolbar, 2D and 3D image merging, and Cloud access and options.

View all literature mentions

FastQC (tool)

RRID:SCR_014583

Quality control software that perform checks on raw sequence data coming from high throughput sequencing pipelines. This software also provides a modular set of analyses which can give a quick impression of the quality of the data prior to further analysis.

View all literature mentions

Atac (tool)

RRID:SCR_015980

Alignment analysis software tool for comparative mapping between two genome assemblies or between two different genomes. It can cache intermediate results to speed a comparisons of multiple sequences.

View all literature mentions

HEK293T (tool)

RRID:CVCL_0063

Cell line HEK293T is a Transformed cell line with a species of origin Homo sapiens (Human)

View all literature mentions

ANTI-OLIG-2 (antibody)

RRID:AB_570666

This polyclonal targets Oligodendrocute transcription factor 2

View all literature mentions

GLAST (plasmalemmal glutamate transporter GLAST) antibody (antibody)

RRID:AB_2571715

This polyclonal targets mouse GLAST, C-terminal 41 aa (NM148938)

View all literature mentions

goat anti-rabbit IgG-HRP (antibody)

RRID:AB_631746

This polyclonal targets goat anti-rabbit IgG-HRP

View all literature mentions

donkey anti-goat IgG-HRP (antibody)

RRID:AB_631728

This polyclonal targets donkey anti-goat IgG-HRP

View all literature mentions

Anti-SOX9 antibody (antibody)

RRID:AB_2728660

This monoclonal targets SOX9

View all literature mentions

SATB2 antibody (antibody)

RRID:AB_2301417

This polyclonal targets SATB2 antibody

View all literature mentions

S100 beta antibody [SH-B1] (antibody)

RRID:AB_297817

This monoclonal targets S100 beta antibody [SH-B1]

View all literature mentions

Rabbit Anti-S100 Polyclonal Antibody, Unconjugated (antibody)

RRID:AB_306716

This polyclonal targets S100 - Astrocyte Marker

View all literature mentions

RUNX2 (M-70) (antibody)

RRID:AB_2184247

This polyclonal targets RUNX2 (M-70)

View all literature mentions

RFP Antibody Pre-adsorbed (antibody)

RRID:AB_11182807

This polyclonal targets RFP

View all literature mentions

NF-1A (K-21) (antibody)

RRID:AB_10611351

This monoclonal targets NF-1A (K-21)

View all literature mentions

Anti-NeuN (antibody)

RRID:AB_2298772

This monoclonal targets NeuN

View all literature mentions

Anti-Nestin Tail (antibody)

RRID:AB_2565443

This unknown targets Nestin Tail

View all literature mentions

Myc-Tag (9B11) Mouse mAb (antibody)

RRID:AB_331783

This monoclonal targets c-Myc

View all literature mentions

H3K27ac-human (antibody)

RRID:AB_2118291

This polyclonal targets H3K27ac

View all literature mentions

Connexin 43 / GJA1 antibody (antibody)

RRID:AB_297976

This polyclonal targets Connexin 43 / GJA1 antibody

View all literature mentions

CD44 (antibody)

RRID:AB_393732

This monoclonal targets CD44

View all literature mentions

Anti-ATF3 antibody (antibody)

RRID:AB_2734728

This monoclonal targets ATF3

View all literature mentions

ATF-3 (C-19) (antibody)

RRID:AB_2258513

This polyclonal targets ATF-3 (C-19)

View all literature mentions

AQP4 Antibody (H-80) (antibody)

RRID:AB_2274338

This polyclonal targets AQP4

View all literature mentions

HOMER (software resource)

RRID:SCR_010881

Software tools for Motif Discovery and next-gen sequencing analysis. Used for analyzing ChIP-Seq, GRO-Seq, RNA-Seq, DNase-Seq, Hi-C and numerous other types of functional genomics sequencing data sets. Collection of command line programs for unix style operating systems written in Perl and C++.

View all literature mentions

PRISM (data analysis service)

RRID:SCR_005375

THIS RESOURCE IS NO LONGER IN SERVICE. Documented on May 5,2022.Tool that predicts interactions between transcription factors and their regulated genes from binding motifs. Understanding vertebrate development requires unraveling the cis-regulatory architecture of gene regulation. PRISM provides accurate genome-wide computational predictions of transcription factor binding sites for the human and mouse genomes, and integrates the predictions with GREAT to provide functional biological context. Together, accurate computational binding site prediction and GREAT produce for each transcription factor: 1. putative binding sites, 2. putative target genes, 3. putative biological roles of the transcription factor, and 4. putative cis-regulatory elements through which the factor regulates each target in each functional role.

View all literature mentions

findMotif.pl (software resource)

RRID:SCR_016417

Software tool to analyze the promoters of genes and look for motifs that are enriched in the target gene promoters relative to other promoters. Used for gene based analysis to provide a list of genes that should contain the same elements, such as genes that are co-regulated. It includes gene ontology analysis and can be used to look for RNA motifs in mRNAs.

View all literature mentions

ngs.plot (software resource)

RRID:SCR_011795

A software program that allows you to easily visualize your next-generation sequencing (NGS) samples at functional genomic regions.

View all literature mentions

MACS (software resource)

RRID:SCR_013291

Software Python package for identifying transcript factor binding sites. Used to evaluate significance of enriched ChIP regions. Improves spatial resolution of binding sites through combining information of both sequencing tag position and orientation. Can be used for ChIP-Seq data alone, or with control sample with increase of specificity.

View all literature mentions

QUASR (software resource)

RRID:SCR_006820

A lightweight software pipeline written to process and analyse next-generation sequencing (NGS) data from Illumina, 454, and Ion Torrent platforms. Although originally written for viral data, it is generic enough to work on any NGS dataset. Functions include: duplicate removal, demultiplexing, primer-removal, quality-assurance (QA) graphing, quality control (QC), consensus-generation, minority-variant determination, minority-variant graphing.

View all literature mentions

Bowtie 2 (software resource)

RRID:SCR_016368

Ultrafast and memory efficient tool for aligning sequencing reads to long reference sequences. Supports gapped, local, and paired end alignment modes. More suited to finding longer, gapped alignments in comparison with original Bowtie method.

View all literature mentions

pheatmap (software resource)

RRID:SCR_016418

Software tool as a function in R to draw clustered heatmaps for better control over graphical parameters.

View all literature mentions

ToppGene Suite (data analysis service)

RRID:SCR_005726

ToppGene Suite is a one-stop portal for gene list enrichment analysis and candidate gene prioritization based on functional annotations and protein interactions network. ToppGene Suite is a one-stop portal for (i) gene list functional enrichment, (ii) candidate gene prioritization using either functional annotations or network analysis and (iii) identification and prioritization of novel disease candidate genes in the interactome. Functional annotation-based disease candidate gene prioritization uses a fuzzy-based similarity measure to compute the similarity between any two genes based on semantic annotations. The similarity scores from individual features are combined into an overall score using statistical meta-analysis.

View all literature mentions

DESeq (software resource)

RRID:SCR_000154

THIS RESOURCE IS NO LONGER IN SERVICE. Documented on August 30,2023. Software for differential gene expression analysis based on the negative binomial distribution. It estimates variance-mean dependence in count data from high-throughput sequencing assays and tests for differential expression.

View all literature mentions

HTSeq (software resource)

RRID:SCR_005514

THIS RESOURCE IS NO LONGER IN SERVICE. Documented on February 28,2023. Software Python package that provides infrastructure to process data from high-throughput sequencing assays. While the main purpose of HTSeq is to allow you to write your own analysis scripts, customized to your needs, there are also a couple of stand-alone scripts for common tasks that can be used without any Python knowledge.

View all literature mentions

SAMTOOLS (software resource)

RRID:SCR_002105

Original SAMTOOLS package has been split into three separate repositories including Samtools, BCFtools and HTSlib. Samtools for manipulating next generation sequencing data used for reading, writing, editing, indexing,viewing nucleotide alignments in SAM,BAM,CRAM format. BCFtools used for reading, writing BCF2,VCF, gVCF files and calling, filtering, summarising SNP and short indel sequence variants. HTSlib used for reading, writing high throughput sequencing data.

View all literature mentions

TopHat (software resource)

RRID:SCR_013035

Software tool for fast and high throughput alignment of shotgun cDNA sequencing reads generated by transcriptomics technologies. Fast splice junction mapper for RNA-Seq reads. Aligns RNA-Seq reads to mammalian-sized genomes using ultra high-throughput short read aligner Bowtie, and then analyzes mapping results to identify splice junctions between exons.TopHat2 is accurate alignment of transcriptomes in presence of insertions, deletions and gene fusions.

View all literature mentions

HCImage (software resource)

RRID:SCR_015041

Image acquisition and analysis software suite for Hamamatsu imaging devices. Hamamatsu Photonics imaging system for microscopy.

View all literature mentions

BD FACSDiva Software (software resource)

RRID:SCR_001456

A collection of tools for flow cytometer and application setup, data acquisition, and data analysis that help streamline flow cytometry workflows. It provides features to help users integrate flow systems into new application areas, including index sorting for stem cell and single-cell applications, as well as automation protocols for high-throughput and robotic laboratories.

View all literature mentions

ZEISS ZEN Microscopy Software (software resource)

RRID:SCR_013672

User interface software for Carl Zeiss light microscopy imaging systems. ZEN is the universal user interface you will see on every imaging system from ZEISS. After selecting fluorophore, ZEN applies the necessary settings to collect and organize data.

View all literature mentions

ImageJ (software resource)

RRID:SCR_003070

Open source Java based image processing software program designed for scientific multidimensional images. ImageJ has been transformed to ImageJ2 application to improve data engine to be sufficient to analyze modern datasets.

View all literature mentions

C57BL/6J (organism)

RRID:IMSR_JAX:000664

Mus musculus with name C57BL/6J from IMSR.

View all literature mentions

ES-C57BL/6 (cell line)

RRID:CVCL_5746

Cell line ES-C57BL/6 is a Embryonic stem cell with a species of origin Mus musculus (Mouse)

View all literature mentions

findMotif.pl (software resource)

RRID:SCR_016417

Software tool to analyze the promoters of genes and look for motifs that are enriched in the target gene promoters relative to other promoters. Used for gene based analysis to provide a list of genes that should contain the same elements, such as genes that are co-regulated. It includes gene ontology analysis and can be used to look for RNA motifs in mRNAs.

View all literature mentions

ngs.plot (software resource)

RRID:SCR_011795

A software program that allows you to easily visualize your next-generation sequencing (NGS) samples at functional genomic regions.

View all literature mentions

MACS (software resource)

RRID:SCR_013291

Software Python package for identifying transcript factor binding sites. Used to evaluate significance of enriched ChIP regions. Improves spatial resolution of binding sites through combining information of both sequencing tag position and orientation. Can be used for ChIP-Seq data alone, or with control sample with increase of specificity.

View all literature mentions

QUASR (software resource)

RRID:SCR_006820

A lightweight software pipeline written to process and analyse next-generation sequencing (NGS) data from Illumina, 454, and Ion Torrent platforms. Although originally written for viral data, it is generic enough to work on any NGS dataset. Functions include: duplicate removal, demultiplexing, primer-removal, quality-assurance (QA) graphing, quality control (QC), consensus-generation, minority-variant determination, minority-variant graphing.

View all literature mentions

Bowtie 2 (software resource)

RRID:SCR_016368

Ultrafast and memory efficient tool for aligning sequencing reads to long reference sequences. Supports gapped, local, and paired end alignment modes. More suited to finding longer, gapped alignments in comparison with original Bowtie method.

View all literature mentions

pheatmap (software resource)

RRID:SCR_016418

Software tool as a function in R to draw clustered heatmaps for better control over graphical parameters.

View all literature mentions

ToppGene Suite (data analysis service)

RRID:SCR_005726

ToppGene Suite is a one-stop portal for gene list enrichment analysis and candidate gene prioritization based on functional annotations and protein interactions network. ToppGene Suite is a one-stop portal for (i) gene list functional enrichment, (ii) candidate gene prioritization using either functional annotations or network analysis and (iii) identification and prioritization of novel disease candidate genes in the interactome. Functional annotation-based disease candidate gene prioritization uses a fuzzy-based similarity measure to compute the similarity between any two genes based on semantic annotations. The similarity scores from individual features are combined into an overall score using statistical meta-analysis.

View all literature mentions

DESeq (software resource)

RRID:SCR_000154

THIS RESOURCE IS NO LONGER IN SERVICE. Documented on August 30,2023. Software for differential gene expression analysis based on the negative binomial distribution. It estimates variance-mean dependence in count data from high-throughput sequencing assays and tests for differential expression.

View all literature mentions

HTSeq (software resource)

RRID:SCR_005514

THIS RESOURCE IS NO LONGER IN SERVICE. Documented on February 28,2023. Software Python package that provides infrastructure to process data from high-throughput sequencing assays. While the main purpose of HTSeq is to allow you to write your own analysis scripts, customized to your needs, there are also a couple of stand-alone scripts for common tasks that can be used without any Python knowledge.

View all literature mentions

SAMTOOLS (software resource)

RRID:SCR_002105

Original SAMTOOLS package has been split into three separate repositories including Samtools, BCFtools and HTSlib. Samtools for manipulating next generation sequencing data used for reading, writing, editing, indexing,viewing nucleotide alignments in SAM,BAM,CRAM format. BCFtools used for reading, writing BCF2,VCF, gVCF files and calling, filtering, summarising SNP and short indel sequence variants. HTSlib used for reading, writing high throughput sequencing data.

View all literature mentions

TopHat (software resource)

RRID:SCR_013035

Software tool for fast and high throughput alignment of shotgun cDNA sequencing reads generated by transcriptomics technologies. Fast splice junction mapper for RNA-Seq reads. Aligns RNA-Seq reads to mammalian-sized genomes using ultra high-throughput short read aligner Bowtie, and then analyzes mapping results to identify splice junctions between exons.TopHat2 is accurate alignment of transcriptomes in presence of insertions, deletions and gene fusions.

View all literature mentions

HCImage (software resource)

RRID:SCR_015041

Image acquisition and analysis software suite for Hamamatsu imaging devices. Hamamatsu Photonics imaging system for microscopy.

View all literature mentions

BD FACSDiva Software (software resource)

RRID:SCR_001456

A collection of tools for flow cytometer and application setup, data acquisition, and data analysis that help streamline flow cytometry workflows. It provides features to help users integrate flow systems into new application areas, including index sorting for stem cell and single-cell applications, as well as automation protocols for high-throughput and robotic laboratories.

View all literature mentions

ZEISS ZEN Microscopy Software (software resource)

RRID:SCR_013672

User interface software for Carl Zeiss light microscopy imaging systems. ZEN is the universal user interface you will see on every imaging system from ZEISS. After selecting fluorophore, ZEN applies the necessary settings to collect and organize data.

View all literature mentions

ImageJ (software resource)

RRID:SCR_003070

Open source Java based image processing software program designed for scientific multidimensional images. ImageJ has been transformed to ImageJ2 application to improve data engine to be sufficient to analyze modern datasets.

View all literature mentions

C57BL/6J (organism)

RRID:IMSR_JAX:000664

Mus musculus with name C57BL/6J from IMSR.

View all literature mentions

ES-C57BL/6 (cell line)

RRID:CVCL_5746

Cell line ES-C57BL/6 is a Embryonic stem cell with a species of origin Mus musculus (Mouse)

View all literature mentions

goat anti-rabbit IgG-HRP (antibody)

RRID:AB_631746

This polyclonal targets goat anti-rabbit IgG-HRP

View all literature mentions

donkey anti-goat IgG-HRP (antibody)

RRID:AB_631728

This polyclonal targets donkey anti-goat IgG-HRP

View all literature mentions

Anti-SOX9 antibody (antibody)

RRID:AB_2728660

This monoclonal targets SOX9

View all literature mentions

SATB2 antibody (antibody)

RRID:AB_2301417

This polyclonal targets SATB2 antibody

View all literature mentions

S100 beta antibody [SH-B1] (antibody)

RRID:AB_297817

This monoclonal targets S100 beta antibody [SH-B1]

View all literature mentions

Rabbit Anti-S100 Polyclonal Antibody, Unconjugated (antibody)

RRID:AB_306716

This polyclonal targets S100 - Astrocyte Marker

View all literature mentions

RUNX2 (M-70) (antibody)

RRID:AB_2184247

This polyclonal targets RUNX2 (M-70)

View all literature mentions

RFP Antibody Pre-adsorbed (antibody)

RRID:AB_11182807

This polyclonal targets RFP

View all literature mentions

NF-1A (K-21) (antibody)

RRID:AB_10611351

This monoclonal targets NF-1A (K-21)

View all literature mentions

Anti-NeuN (antibody)

RRID:AB_2298772

This monoclonal targets NeuN

View all literature mentions

Anti-Nestin Tail (antibody)

RRID:AB_2565443

This unknown targets Nestin Tail

View all literature mentions

Myc-Tag (9B11) Mouse mAb (antibody)

RRID:AB_331783

This monoclonal targets c-Myc

View all literature mentions

H3K27ac-human (antibody)

RRID:AB_2118291

This polyclonal targets H3K27ac

View all literature mentions

Connexin 43 / GJA1 antibody (antibody)

RRID:AB_297976

This polyclonal targets Connexin 43 / GJA1 antibody

View all literature mentions

CD44 (antibody)

RRID:AB_393732

This monoclonal targets CD44

View all literature mentions

Anti-ATF3 antibody (antibody)

RRID:AB_2734728

This monoclonal targets ATF3

View all literature mentions

ATF-3 (C-19) (antibody)

RRID:AB_2258513

This polyclonal targets ATF-3 (C-19)

View all literature mentions

AQP4 Antibody (H-80) (antibody)

RRID:AB_2274338

This polyclonal targets AQP4

View all literature mentions

ANTI-OLIG-2 (antibody)

RRID:AB_570666

This polyclonal targets Oligodendrocute transcription factor 2

View all literature mentions

ANTI-OLIG-2 (antibody)

RRID:AB_570666

This polyclonal targets Oligodendrocute transcription factor 2

View all literature mentions

ANTI-OLIG-2 (antibody)

RRID:AB_570666

This polyclonal targets Oligodendrocute transcription factor 2

View all literature mentions

GLAST (plasmalemmal glutamate transporter GLAST) antibody (antibody)

RRID:AB_2571715

This polyclonal targets mouse GLAST, C-terminal 41 aa (NM148938)

View all literature mentions

ANTI-OLIG-2 (antibody)

RRID:AB_570666

This polyclonal targets Oligodendrocute transcription factor 2

View all literature mentions

GLAST (plasmalemmal glutamate transporter GLAST) antibody (antibody)

RRID:AB_2571715

This polyclonal targets mouse GLAST, C-terminal 41 aa (NM148938)

View all literature mentions