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Combinatorial CRISPR/Cas9 Approach to Elucidate a Far-Upstream Enhancer Complex for Tissue-Specific Sox9 Expression.

Developmental cell | 2018

SRY-box 9 (SOX9) is a master transcription factor that regulates cartilage development. SOX9 haploinsufficiency resulting from breakpoints in a ∼1-Mb region upstream of SOX9 was reported in acampomelic campomelic dysplasia (ACD) patients, suggesting that essential enhancer regions of SOX9 for cartilage development are located in this long non-coding sequence. However, the cis-acting enhancer region regulating cartilage-specific SOX9 expression remains to be identified. To identify distant cartilage Sox9 enhancers, we utilized the combination of multiple CRISPR/Cas9 technologies including enrichment of the promoter-enhancer complex followed by next-generation sequencing and mass spectrometry (MS), SIN3A-dCas9-mediated epigenetic silencing, and generation of enhancer deletion mice. As a result, we could identify a critical far-upstream cis-element and Stat3 as a trans-acting factor, regulating cartilage-specific Sox9 expression and subsequent skeletal development. Our strategy could facilitate definitive ACD diagnosis and should be useful to reveal the detailed chromatin conformation and regulation.

Pubmed ID: 30146478 RIS Download

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This is a list of tools and resources that we have found mentioned in this publication.


UCSC Genome Browser (tool)

RRID:SCR_005780

Portal to interactively visualize genomic data. Provides reference sequences and working draft assemblies for collection of genomes and access to ENCODE and Neanderthal projects. Includes collection of vertebrate and model organism assemblies and annotations, along with suite of tools for viewing, analyzing and downloading data.

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SAM format (tool)

RRID:SCR_012093

A generic alignment format for storing read alignments against reference sequences, supporting short and long reads (up to 128 Mbp) produced by different sequencing platforms.

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H3K27ac-mouse (antibody)

RRID:AB_2561016

This polyclonal targets H3K27ac

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Phospho-Stat-3 (tyr705) (antibody)

RRID:AB_331586

This polyclonal targets Phospho-Stat3 (Tyr705) Antibody detects endogenous levels of Stat3 only when phosphorylated at Tyr705. The antibody does not cross-react with other Stat proteins when phosphorylated on the corresponding tyrosine residue. Does cross-react withPhospho-EGFR

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Stat3 (79D7) Rabbit mAb (antibody)

RRID:AB_331269

This recombinant monoclonal targets Stat3

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STAT3-human (antibody)

RRID:AB_632440

This polyclonal targets STAT3

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Integrative Genomics Viewer (software resource)

RRID:SCR_011793

A high-performance visualization tool for interactive exploration of large, integrated genomic datasets.

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MACS (software resource)

RRID:SCR_013291

Software Python package for identifying transcript factor binding sites. Used to evaluate significance of enriched ChIP regions. Improves spatial resolution of binding sites through combining information of both sequencing tag position and orientation. Can be used for ChIP-Seq data alone, or with control sample with increase of specificity.

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SAMTOOLS (software resource)

RRID:SCR_002105

Original SAMTOOLS package has been split into three separate repositories including Samtools, BCFtools and HTSlib. Samtools for manipulating next generation sequencing data used for reading, writing, editing, indexing,viewing nucleotide alignments in SAM,BAM,CRAM format. BCFtools used for reading, writing BCF2,VCF, gVCF files and calling, filtering, summarising SNP and short indel sequence variants. HTSlib used for reading, writing high throughput sequencing data.

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Bowtie (software resource)

RRID:SCR_005476

Software ultrafast memory efficient tool for aligning sequencing reads. Bowtie is short read aligner.

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