Action selection relies on the coordinated activity of striatal direct and indirect pathway medium spiny neurons (dMSNs and iMSNs, respectively). Loss of dopamine in Parkinson's disease is thought to disrupt this balance. While dopamine replacement with levodopa may restore normal function, the development of involuntary movements (levodopa-induced dyskinesia [LID]) limits therapy. How chronic dopamine loss and replacement with levodopa modulate the firing of identified MSNs in behaving animals is unknown. Using optogenetically labeled striatal single-unit recordings, we assess circuit dysfunction in parkinsonism and LID. Counter to current models, we found that following dopamine depletion, iMSN firing was elevated only during periods of immobility, while dMSN firing was dramatically and persistently reduced. Most notably, we identified a subpopulation of dMSNs with abnormally high levodopa-evoked firing rates, which correlated specifically with dyskinesia. These findings provide key insights into the circuit mechanisms underlying parkinsonism and LID, with implications for developing targeted therapies.
Pubmed ID: 29924988 RIS Download
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Vector graphics software to create digital graphics, illustrations, and typography for several types of media: print, web, interactive, video, and mobile.
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal secondary targets IgG (H+L)
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal targets SDS-denatured rat tyrosine hydroxylase, purified from pheochromocytoma
View all literature mentionsTHIS RESOURCE IS NO LONGER IN SERVICE. Documented on April 12,2023. Matlab code for two-factor (location and year) analysis-of-variance model for the calculation of climate anomalies, in which the reference interval is specified as the full length of the dataset. This scheme avoids the affects of shorter (e.g. 1961-1990) reference intervals on the temporal evolution of the spatial standard deviation of climate anomalies. Data files provided.
View all literature mentionsData analysis software for neurophysiology with a multitude of features, including: * Import of native data files created by many popular data acquisition systems * All standard histogram and raster analyses * Shift predictors in crosscorrelograms and color markers in perievent rasters * Joint PSTH, burst analysis and many more analyses of timestamped data * Spectral analysis of spike and continuous data * 3D data view and animation * Fully customizable WYSIWYG graphics * Custom analysis and batch mode processing with internal scripting language * Direct data link to Matlab and Excel * Statistical tests via direct link to R-project
View all literature mentionsOffline spike sorting software. This software tool for viewing and classifying action potential waveforms (spikes) previously collected from single electrodes, stereotrodes and tetrodes accepts file types from many data acquisition companies and software programs.
View all literature mentionsA suite of client / server programs that control spike sorting in the Multichannel Acquisition Processor (MAP) Data Acquisition System (MAP System) and provides real-time data visualization and analysis. Plexon's original program supporting multichannel data acquisition is a suite of programs referred to as the Real-Time Acquisition System Programs for Unit Timing in Neuroscience software (RASPUTIN). This combination of software and hardware enables users to view waveforms, acquire action potential waveforms around a voltage-threshold crossing, sort them in real time according to their shape, record continuous analog signals, such as field potentials, eye position, blood pressure, as well as capture external digital-event data, such as individual TTL lines or multi-bit strobed word data. RASPUTIN utilizes a client/server architecture on a Microsoft Windows operating system. The server program runs the MAP box and distributes the data among a set of cooperating client programs. The program can record analog signals and spike and digital-event data in a single data file, and supports 16, 32, 48, 64, 96 and 128 channel configurations. RASPUTIN's operation is based on two primary programs: Sort Client and MAP Server. The Sort Client is the primary control program for the MAP System hardware and may be used to adjust the MAP operating parameters (e.g., amplification, filtering) and to set the specific sorting parameters for each channel. MAP Server is the low-level interface for configuring the MAP, which transfers commands such as gain and filter changes or parameter settings from the various clients to the MAP box. MAP Server also accumulates data coming from the MAP box in a circular buffer memory. The client programs connect to MAP Server to gain access to that data. MAP Server also mediates communication between the clients, keeping them informed of commands sent to the MAP from other clients. RASPUTIN is not sold separately, but rather arrives pre-loaded on the MAP Control Computer with the purchase of any MAP System. As the MAP System has been replaced by the advanced OmniPlex D Neural Data Acquisition System, Plexon is no longer developing the RASPUTIN software program.
View all literature mentionsVector graphics software to create digital graphics, illustrations, and typography for several types of media: print, web, interactive, video, and mobile.
View all literature mentionsVideo tracking software that tracks and analyzes the behavior, movement, and activity of any animal.
View all literature mentionsMulti paradigm numerical computing environment and fourth generation programming language developed by MathWorks. Allows matrix manipulations, plotting of functions and data, implementation of algorithms, creation of user interfaces, and interfacing with programs written in other languages, including C, C++, Java, Fortran and Python. Used to explore and visualize ideas and collaborate across disciplines including signal and image processing, communications, control systems, and computational finance.
View all literature mentionsSoftware used for visualizing and graphing data, image processing, and programming. It is designed for use by scientists and engineers and supports large data sets, evenly spaced data, and various data import formats. The software includes a suite of image processing operations for image filtering, manipulation, and quantification and is completely programmable.
View all literature mentionsMus musculus with name B6.FVB(Cg)-Tg(Adora2a-cre)KG139Gsat/Mmucd from MMRRC.
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View all literature mentionsMus musculus with name C57BL/6J from IMSR.
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