Vocalization is a behavioral feature that is shared among multiple vertebrate lineages, including fish. The temporal patterning of vocal communication signals is set, in part, by central pattern generators (CPGs). Toadfishes are well-established models for CPG coding of vocalization at the hindbrain level. The vocal CPG comprises three topographically separate nuclei: pre-pacemaker, pacemaker, motor. While the connectivity between these nuclei is well understood, their neurochemical profile remains largely unexplored. The highly vocal Gulf toadfish, Opsanus beta, has been the subject of previous behavioral, neuroanatomical and neurophysiological studies. Combining transneuronal neurobiotin-labeling with immunohistochemistry, we map the distribution of inhibitory neurotransmitters and neuromodulators along with gap junctions in the vocal CPG of this species. Dense GABAergic and glycinergic label is found throughout the CPG, with labeled somata immediately adjacent to or within CPG nuclei, including a distinct subset of pacemaker neurons co-labeled with neurobiotin and glycine. Neurobiotin-labeled motor and pacemaker neurons are densely co-labeled with the gap junction protein connexin 35/36, supporting the hypothesis that transneuronal neurobiotin-labeling occurs, at least in part, via gap junction coupling. Serotonergic and catecholaminergic label is also robust within the entire vocal CPG, with additional cholinergic label in pacemaker and prepacemaker nuclei. Likely sources of these putative modulatory inputs are neurons within or immediately adjacent to vocal CPG neurons. Together with prior neurophysiological investigations, the results reveal potential mechanisms for generating multiple classes of social context-dependent vocalizations with widely divergent temporal and spectral properties.
Pubmed ID: 29424431 RIS Download
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Software package as distribution of ImageJ and ImageJ2 together with Java, Java3D and plugins organized into coherent menu structure. Used to assist research in life sciences.
View all literature mentionsNEURON is a simulation environment for modeling individual neurons and networks of neurons. It provides tools for conveniently building, managing, and using models in a way that is numerically sound and computationally efficient. It is particularly well-suited to problems that are closely linked to experimental data, especially those that involve cells with complex anatomical and biophysical properties. NEURON has benefited from judicious revision and selective enhancement, guided by feedback from the growing number of neuroscientists who have used it to incorporate empirically-based modeling into their research strategies. NEURON's computational engine employs special algorithms that achieve high efficiency by exploiting the structure of the equations that describe neuronal properties. It has functions that are tailored for conveniently controlling simulations, and presenting the results of real neurophysiological problems graphically in ways that are quickly and intuitively grasped. Instead of forcing users to reformulate their conceptual models to fit the requirements of a general purpose simulator, NEURON is designed to let them deal directly with familiar neuroscience concepts. Consequently, users can think in terms of the biophysical properties of membrane and cytoplasm, the branched architecture of neurons, and the effects of synaptic communication between cells. * helps users focus on important biological issues rather than purely computational concerns * has a convenient user interface * has a user-extendable library of biophysical mechanisms * has many enhancements for efficient network modeling * offers customizable initialization and simulation flow control * is widely used in neuroscience research by experimentalists and theoreticians * is well-documented and actively supported * is free, open source, and runs on (almost) everything
View all literature mentionsSoftware for image processing, analysis, and editing. The software includes features such as touch capabilities, a customizable toolbar, 2D and 3D image merging, and Cloud access and options.
View all literature mentionsAn Antibody supplier and subset of ThermoFisher Scientific which provides fluorescence reagents for various experiments and methods.
View all literature mentionsCell line PC12 is a Cancer cell line with a species of origin Rattus norvegicus
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets Tyrosine Hydroxylase
View all literature mentionsThis unknown targets 5-HT (Serotonin) Rabbit
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal targets Glycine-glutaraldehyd-carriers
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal targets Choline Acetyltransferase
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets Connexin 35 / 36 (Cx35 / Cx36)
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal targets Cy3-Streptavidin
View all literature mentionsThis unknown targets Mouse IgG (H+L)
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets Connexin 35 / 36 (Cx35 / Cx36)
View all literature mentionsThis unknown targets 5-HT (Serotonin) Rabbit
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal targets Glycine-glutaraldehyd-carriers
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets Connexin 35 / 36 (Cx35 / Cx36)
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal targets Choline Acetyltransferase
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal targets Choline Acetyltransferase
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets Tyrosine Hydroxylase
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets Tyrosine Hydroxylase
View all literature mentionsThis unknown targets 5-HT (Serotonin) Rabbit
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal targets Glycine-glutaraldehyd-carriers
View all literature mentions