The jaw is central to the extensive variety of feeding and predatory behaviors across vertebrates. The bones of the lower but not upper jaw form around an early-developing cartilage template. Whereas Endothelin1 patterns the lower jaw, the factors that specify upper-jaw morphology remain elusive. Here, we identify Nuclear Receptor 2f genes (Nr2fs) as enriched in and required for upper-jaw formation in zebrafish. Combinatorial loss of Nr2fs transforms maxillary components of the upper jaw into lower-jaw-like structures. Conversely, nr2f5 misexpression disrupts lower-jaw development. Genome-wide analyses reveal that Nr2fs repress mandibular gene expression and early chondrogenesis in maxillary precursors. Rescue of lower-jaw defects in endothelin1 mutants by reducing Nr2f dosage further demonstrates that Nr2f expression must be suppressed for normal lower-jaw development. We propose that Nr2fs shape the upper jaw by protecting maxillary progenitors from early chondrogenesis, thus preserving cells for later osteogenesis.
Pubmed ID: 29358039 RIS Download
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THIS RESOURCE IS NO LONGER IN SERVICE, documented on July 17, 2013. A software package for analyzing gene expression and other bioarray data, giving users a variety of methods to build and evaluate class predictors, visualize marker lists, cluster data and validate results. GeneCluster 2.0 greatly expands the data analysis capabilities of GeneCluster 1.0 by adding supervised classification, gene selection, class discovery and permutation test methods. It includes algorithms for building and testing supervised models using weighted voting (WV) and k-nearest neighbor (KNN) algorithms, a module for systematically finding and evaluating clustering via self-organizing maps, and modules for marker gene selection and heat map visualization that allow users to view and sort samples and genes by many criteria. It enhances the clustering capabilities of GeneCluster 1.0 by adding a module for batch SOM clustering, and also includes a marker gene finder based on a KNN analysis and a visualization module. GeneCluster 2.0 is a stand-alone Java application and runs on any platform that supports the Java Runtime Environment version 1.3.1 or greater.
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