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Microglia are embryonically seeded macrophages that contribute to brain development, homeostasis, and pathologies. It is thus essential to decipher how microglial properties are temporally regulated by intrinsic and extrinsic factors, such as sexual identity and the microbiome. Here, we found that microglia undergo differentiation phases, discernable by transcriptomic signatures and chromatin accessibility landscapes, which can diverge in adult males and females. Remarkably, the absence of microbiome in germ-free mice had a time and sexually dimorphic impact both prenatally and postnatally: microglia were more profoundly perturbed in male embryos and female adults. Antibiotic treatment of adult mice triggered sexually biased microglial responses revealing both acute and long-term effects of microbiota depletion. Finally, human fetal microglia exhibited significant overlap with the murine transcriptomic signature. Our study shows that microglia respond to environmental challenges in a sex- and time-dependent manner from prenatal stages, with major implications for our understanding of microglial contributions to health and disease.
Pubmed ID: 29275859 RIS Download
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A commercial antibody supplier and provider of various services.
View all literature mentionsCommercial antibody supplier and developer for biomedical research. These products are compatible with use in flow cytometry and mass cytometry, immunoprecipitation and chip, western blotting, immunofluorescence microscopy, and quantitative multiplexing.
View all literature mentionsAn independent, nonprofit organization focused on mammalian genetics research to advance human health. Their mission is to discover the genetic basis for preventing, treating, and curing human disease, and to enable research for the global biomedical community. Jackson Laboratory breeds and manages colonies of mice as resources for other research institutions and laboratories, along with providing software and techniques. Jackson Lab also conducts genetic research and provides educational material for various educational levels.
View all literature mentionsSoftware repository for R packages related to analysis and comprehension of high throughput genomic data. Uses separate set of commands for installation of packages. Software project based on R programming language that provides tools for analysis and comprehension of high throughput genomic data.
View all literature mentionsA division of Applied Biosystems selling products for the isolation, detection, quantification, amplification, and characterization of RNA.
View all literature mentionsCommercial vendor and service provider of laboratory reagents and antibodies. Supplier of scientific instrumentation, reagents and consumables, and software services.
View all literature mentionsA web-based hosting service for software development projects that use the Git revision control system offering powerful collaboration, code review, and code management. It offers both paid plans for private repositories, and free accounts for open source projects. Large or small, every repository comes with the same powerful tools. These tools are open to the community for public projects and secure for private projects. Features include: * Integrated issue tracking * Collaborative code review * Easily manage teams within organizations * Text entry with understated power * A growing list of programming languages and data formats * On the desktop and in your pocket - Android app and mobile web views let you keep track of your projects on the go.
View all literature mentionsSoftware package for high-performance read alignment, quantification and mutation discovery.General purpose read aligner which can be used to map both genomic DNA-seq reads and RNA-seq reads. Subread aligner as fast, accurate and scalable read mapping by seed-and-vote.These programs were also implemented in Bioconductor R package Rsubread.
View all literature mentionsSoftware that provides an integrated solution for the Illumina microarray data analysis.
View all literature mentionsSoftware performing alignment of high-throughput RNA-seq data. Aligns RNA-seq reads to reference genome using uncompressed suffix arrays.
View all literature mentionsSoftware for single-cell flow cytometry analysis. Its functions include management, display, manipulation, analysis and publication of the data stream produced by flow and mass cytometers.
View all literature mentionsBioconductor software package for Empirical analysis of Digital Gene Expression data in R. Used for differential expression analysis of RNA-seq and digital gene expression data with biological replication.
View all literature mentionsSoftware package to read bead-level data (raw TIFFs and text files) output by BeadScan as well as bead-summary data from BeadStudio. Methods for quality assessment and low-level analysis are provided.
View all literature mentionsAutomated system for constructing putative homology groups from complete gene sets of wide range of eukaryotic species. Databse that provides system for automatic detection of homologs, including paralogs and orthologs, among annotated genes of sequenced eukaryotic genomes. HomoloGene processing uses proteins from input organisms to compare and sequence homologs, mapping back to corresponding DNA sequences. Reports include homology and phenotype information drawn from Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, Mouse Genome Informatics, Zebrafish Information Network, Saccharomyces Genome Database and FlyBase.
View all literature mentionsA next-generation web-based application that aims to provide an integrated solution for both visualization and analysis of deep-sequencing data, along with simple access to public datasets.
View all literature mentionsA web-based software application that enables users to analyze, integrate, and understand data derived from gene expression, microRNA, and SNP microarrays, metabolomics, proteomics, and RNA-Seq experiments, and small-scale experiments that generate gene and chemical lists. Users can search for targeted information on genes, proteins, chemicals, and drugs, and build interactive models of experimental systems. IPA allows exploration of molecular, chemical, gene, protein and miRNA interactions, creation of custom molecular pathways, and the ability to view and modify metabolic, signaling, and toxicological canonical pathways. In addition to the networks and pathways that can be created, IPA can provide multiple layering of additional information, such as drugs, disease genes, expression data, cellular functions and processes, or a researchers own genes or chemicals of interest.
View all literature mentionsAmerican company incorporated that develops, manufactures and markets integrated systems for the analysis of genetic variation and biological function. Provides a line of products and services that serve the sequencing, genotyping and gene expression and proteomics markets. Its headquarters are located in San Diego, California.
View all literature mentionsSoftware package for the analysis of gene expression microarray data, especially the use of linear models for analyzing designed experiments and the assessment of differential expression.
View all literature mentionsVisualize and analyze data generated by all of Illumina''s platforms.
View all literature mentionsCompany provides laboratories worldwide with analytical instruments and supplies, clinical and diagnostic testing services, consumables, applications and expertise in life sciences and applied chemical markets.
View all literature mentionsSoftware for image processing, analysis, and editing. The software includes features such as touch capabilities, a customizable toolbar, 2D and 3D image merging, and Cloud access and options.
View all literature mentionsSoftware R package for statistical analysis and visualization of functional profiles for genes and gene clusters.
View all literature mentionsSoftware performing alignment of high-throughput RNA-seq data. Aligns RNA-seq reads to reference genome using uncompressed suffix arrays.
View all literature mentionsMus musculus with name C57BL/6J from IMSR.
View all literature mentionsMus musculus with name B6.129P2(SJL)-Myd88tm1.1Defr/J from IMSR.
View all literature mentionsThis unknown targets Rat IgG (H+L)
View all literature mentionsThis unknown targets Rabbit IgG (H+L)
View all literature mentionsThis unknown targets Mouse IgG (H+L)
View all literature mentionsThis unknown targets Goat IgG (H+L)
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal targets IgG (H+L)
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal targets Mouse IgG (H+L)
View all literature mentionsThis unknown targets Goat IgG (H+L)
View all literature mentionsThis unknown targets Rat IgG (H+L)
View all literature mentionsThis unknown targets Mouse IgG (H+L)
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal targets Guinea pig
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal targets IgY (IgG) (H+L)
View all literature mentionsThis unknown targets
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal targets monomeric Azami-Green 1
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal targets Mouse VEGF R2 / KDR / Flk-1
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal targets P2ry12
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets L1
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal targets Iba1
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets CD184
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets Ctip2
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets βIII Tubulin
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets CD11b
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets CD45
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets CD64 a and b Alloantigens
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets Ly-6C
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets F4/80
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets CD11b
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets CD45
View all literature mentionsMus musculus with name B6.129P2(C)-Cx3cr1tm2.1(cre/ERT2)Jung/J from IMSR.
View all literature mentionsMus musculus with name B6.129P2-Cxcr4tm2Yzo/J from IMSR.
View all literature mentionsSoftware R package for weighted correlation network analysis. WGCNA is also available as point-and-click application. Unfortunately this application is not maintained anymore. It is known to have compatibility problems with R-2.8.x and newer, and the methods it implements are not all state of the art.
View all literature mentionsJava toolset for working with next generation sequencing data in the BAM format.
View all literature mentionsSoftware tools for Motif Discovery and next-gen sequencing analysis. Used for analyzing ChIP-Seq, GRO-Seq, RNA-Seq, DNase-Seq, Hi-C and numerous other types of functional genomics sequencing data sets. Collection of command line programs for unix style operating systems written in Perl and C++.
View all literature mentionsSoftware platform for complex network analysis and visualization. Used for visualization of molecular interaction networks and biological pathways and integrating these networks with annotations, gene expression profiles and other state data.
View all literature mentionsSoftware ultrafast memory efficient tool for aligning sequencing reads. Bowtie is short read aligner.
View all literature mentionsBioLayout Express3D is a powerful new tool for the visualization and analysis of networks derived from biological systems. Network-based approaches are becoming increasing popular for the analysis of ''omics and other high dimensional data. Networks can be produced from a wide variety of biological relationships, such as interactions between individuals, disease transmission, sequence similarity, metabolic pathways, protein interactions, pathways, regulatory cascades, gene expression, etc. BioLayout Express3D has been specifically designed for visualization, clustering and analysis of large network graphs in two- and three-dimensional space derived primarily, but not exclusively, from biological data. Sponsors: This resource is supported by BBSRC (BB / F003722 / 1) and the Wellcome Trust (GR077040RP). Keywords: Biology, Tool, Software, visualization, Analysis, Network, Biological, System, Dimentional, Data, Disease, Transmission, Sequence, Metabolic, Pathway, Protein, Interaction, Gene, Expression, Clustering, Analysis,
View all literature mentionsSoftware package for differential gene expression analysis based on the negative binomial distribution. Used for analyzing RNA-seq data for differential analysis of count data, using shrinkage estimation for dispersions and fold changes to improve stability and interpretability of estimates.
View all literature mentionsSoftware package that defines general purpose containers for storing genomic intervals as well as more specialized containers for storing alignments against a reference genome.
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