An important characteristic of spontaneous brain activity is the anticorrelation between the core default network (cDN) and the dorsal attention network (DAN) and the salience network (SN). This anticorrelation may constitute a key aspect of functional anatomy and is implicated in several brain disorders. We used dynamic causal modeling to assess the hypothesis that a causal hierarchy underlies this anticorrelation structure, using resting-state fMRI of healthy adolescent and young adults (N = 404). Our analysis revealed an asymmetric effective connectivity, such that the regions in the SN and DAN exerted an inhibitory influence on the cDN regions; whereas the cDN exerted an excitatory influence on the SN and DAN regions. The relative strength of efferent versus afferent connections places the SN at the apex of the hierarchy, suggesting that the SN modulates anticorrelated networks with descending hierarchical connections. In short, this study of directed neuronal coupling reveals a causal hierarchical architecture that generates or orchestrates anticorrelation of brain activity. These new findings shed light on functional integration of intrinsic brain networks at rest and speak to future dynamic causal modeling studies of large-scale networks.
Pubmed ID: 29161362 RIS Download
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A MATLAB toolbox which implements multiple algorithms for independent component analysis and blind source separation of group (and single subject) functional magnetic resonance imaging data. GIFT works on MATLAB 6.5 and higher. Many ICA algorithms were generously contributed by Dr. Andrzej Cichocki.
View all literature mentionsAa brain network visualization tool, which can help researchers to visualize structural and functional connectivity patterns from different levels in a quick, easy, and flexible way.
View all literature mentionsA user-friendly convenient toolkit to calculate Functional Connectivity (FC), Regional Homogeneity (ReHo), Amplitude of Low-Frequency Fluctuation (ALFF), Fractional ALFF (fALFF), Gragner causality and perform statistical analysis. You also can use REST to view your data, perform Monte Carlo simulation similar to AlphaSim in AFNI, calculate your images, regress out covariates, extract Region of Interest (ROI) time courses, reslice images, and sort DICOM files.
View all literature mentionsA MATLAB toolbox forpipeline data analysis of resting-state fMRI that is based on Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM) and a plug-in software within DPABI. After the user arranges the Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) files and click a few buttons to set parameters, DPARSF will then give all the preprocessed (slice timing, realign, normalize, smooth) data and results for functional connectivity, regional homogeneity, amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF), fractional ALFF, degree centrality, voxel-mirrored homotopic connectivity (VMHC) results. DPARSF can also create a report for excluding subjects with excessive head motion and generate a set of pictures for easily checking the effect of normalization. In addition, users can also use DPARSF to extract time courses from regions of interest. DPARSF basic edition is very easy to use while DPARSF advanced edition (alias: DPARSFA) is much more flexible and powerful. DPARSFA can parallel the computation for each subject, and can be used to reorient images interactively or define regions of interest interactively. Users can skip or combine the processing steps in DPARSF advanced edition freely.
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