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To generate rhythmic motor behaviors, both single neurons and neural circuits require a balance between excitatory inputs that trigger action potentials and inhibitory inputs that promote a stable resting potential (E/I balance). Previous studies have focused on individual neurons and have shown that, over a short spatial scale, excitatory and inhibitory (E/I) synapses tend to form structured territories with inhibitory inputs enriched on cell bodies and proximal dendrites and excitatory inputs on distal dendrites. However, systems-level E/I patterns, at spatial scales larger than single neurons, are largely uncharted. We used immunostaining for PSD-95 and gephyrin postsynaptic scaffolding proteins as proxies for excitatory and inhibitory synapses, respectively, to quantify the numbers and map the distributions of E/I synapses in zebrafish spinal cord at both an embryonic stage and a larval stage. At the embryonic stage, we found that PSD-95 puncta outnumber gephyrin puncta, with the number of gephyrin puncta increasing to match that of PSD-95 puncta at the larval stage. At both stages, PSD-95 puncta are enriched in the most lateral neuropil corresponding to distal dendrites while gephyrin puncta are enriched on neuronal somata and in the medial neuropil. Significantly, similar to synaptic puncta, neuronal processes also exhibit medial-lateral territories at both developmental stages with enrichment of glutamatergic (excitatory) processes laterally and glycinergic (inhibitory) processes medially. This establishment of neuropil excitatory-inhibitory structure largely precedes dendritic arborization of primary motor neurons, suggesting that the structured neuropil could provide a framework for the development of E/I balance at the cellular level. J. Comp. Neurol. 525:1649-1667, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Pubmed ID: 27997694 RIS Download
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This monoclonal targets Post Synaptic Density Protein 95 (PSD-95)
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View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal secondary targets IgG (H+L)
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets Gephyrin
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View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal secondary targets IgG2a
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal secondary targets IgG (H+L)
View all literature mentionsThis unknown targets IgG
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets Post Synaptic Density Protein 95 (PSD-95)
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets Gephyrin
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal secondary targets IgG2a
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal secondary targets IgG (H+L)
View all literature mentionsNeuromantic is a freeware reconstruction tool for Windows-based machines. It is designed to allow the efficient creation of 3D neuronal reconstructions from serial stacks of images. :Neuron, Morphological Reconstruction, Morphology, Freeware, Software, Dendritic Morphology : :May be used as a freeware alternative to Neurolucida or Neuron_Morpho for the 3D reconstruction of neurons from serial image stacks.
View all literature mentionsMulti paradigm numerical computing environment and fourth generation programming language developed by MathWorks. Allows matrix manipulations, plotting of functions and data, implementation of algorithms, creation of user interfaces, and interfacing with programs written in other languages, including C, C++, Java, Fortran and Python. Used to explore and visualize ideas and collaborate across disciplines including signal and image processing, communications, control systems, and computational finance.
View all literature mentionsOpen source Java based image processing software program designed for scientific multidimensional images. ImageJ has been transformed to ImageJ2 application to improve data engine to be sufficient to analyze modern datasets.
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets Post Synaptic Density Protein 95 (PSD-95)
View all literature mentionsThis unknown targets IgG
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets Gephyrin
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