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In Drosophila melanogaster olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) establish synapses with projection neurons (PNs) and local interneurons within antennal lobe (AL) glomeruli. Substantial knowledge regarding this circuitry has been obtained by functional studies, whereas ultrastructural evidence of synaptic contacts is scarce. To fill this gap, we studied serial sections of three glomeruli using electron microscopy. Ectopic expression of a membrane-bound peroxidase allowed us to map synaptic sites along PN dendrites. Our data prove for the first time that each of the three major types of AL neurons is both pre- and postsynaptic to the other two types, as previously indicated by functional studies. PN dendrites carry a large proportion of output synapses, with approximately one output per every three input synapses. Detailed reconstructions of PN dendrites showed that these synapses are distributed unevenly, with input and output sites partially segregated along a proximal-distal gradient and the thinnest branches carrying solely input synapses. Moreover, our data indicate synapse clustering, as we found evidence of dendritic tiling of PN dendrites. PN output synapses exhibited T-shaped presynaptic densities, mostly arranged as tetrads. In contrast, output synapses from putative OSNs showed elongated presynaptic densities in which the T-bar platform was supported by several pedestals and contacted as many as 20 postsynaptic profiles. We also discovered synaptic contacts between the putative OSNs. The average synaptic density in the glomerular neuropil was about two synapses/µm(3) . These results are discussed with regard to current models of olfactory glomerular microcircuits across species.
Pubmed ID: 26780543 RIS Download
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Software for image processing, analysis, and editing. The software includes features such as touch capabilities, a customizable toolbar, 2D and 3D image merging, and Cloud access and options.
View all literature mentionsThe mission of the Institute is to discover the key principles by which brains work and to implement these in artificial systems that interact intelligently with the real world. The Institute of Neuroinformatics is built of many people covering a wide range of disciplines and research areas. The major research projects and areas are listed below. - Behavior and Cognition: At the Institute of Neuroinformatics researchers investigate in Behavior and Cognition on various levels, ranging from neuronal circuit models of learning and adaptation over psychophysical experiments for color constancy up to modeling complex behavioral tasks such as exploration and goal-directed navigation. - Computation in Neural Circuits: By examining the brains of cats, rats and monkeys, and by making simulations of the cortex, INI hopes to learn how this circuit performs such widely different tasks. This knowledge might lead to advances in how computers are designed, and will certainly lead to advances in the subtlety and power of medical neuroscience. - Neurotechnologies: INI aims to harness the principles of biological computation, which can be expected to have a major impact on the technology market as autonomous intelligence pervades equipment, vehicles, buildings, utilities and clothing. Sponsors: INI is supported by European Union (EU), Gerbert Ruf Stiftung, Neuroscience Center (ZNZ), Swiss Confederation (KTI), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETH), Swiss National Science Foundation (SNF), University of Zurich (UZH), and VW Stiftung
View all literature mentionsVector graphics software to create digital graphics, illustrations, and typography for several types of media: print, web, interactive, video, and mobile.
View all literature mentionsDrosophila melanogaster with name Canton-S from BDSC.
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View all literature mentionsDrosophila melanogaster with name w[*]; P{w[+mC]=Orco-GAL4.W}11.17; TM2/TM6B, Tb[1] from BDSC.
View all literature mentionsDrosophila melanogaster with name w[*]; P{w[+mC]=Or22a-GAL4.7.717}14.2 from BDSC.
View all literature mentionsAn ImageJ plugin for morphological data mining, three-dimensional modeling and image stitching, registration, editing and annotation. Two independent modalities exist: either XML-based projects, working directly with the file system, or database-based projects, working on top of a local or remote PostgreSQL database. What can you do with it? * Semantic segmentation editor: order segmentations in tree hierarchies, whose template is exportable for reuse in other, comparable projects. * Model, visualize and export 3D. * Work from your laptop on your huge, remote image storage. * Work with an endless number of images, limited only by the hard drive capacity. Dozens of formats supported thanks to LOCI Bioformats and ImageJ. * Import stacks and even entire grids (montages) of images, automatically stitch them together and homogenize their histograms for best montaging quality. * Add layers conveniently. A layer represents, for example, one 50 nm section (for TEM) or a confocal section. Each layer has its own Z coordinate and thickness, and contains images, labels, areas, nodes of 3d skeletons, profiles... * Insert layer sets into layers: so your electron microscopy serial sections can live inside your optical microscopy sections. * Run any ImageJ plugin on any image. * Measure everything: areas, volumes, pixel intensities, etc. using both built-in data structures and segmentation types, and standard ImageJ ROIs. And with double dissectors! * Visualize RGB color channels changing the opacity of each on the fly, non-destructively. * Annotate images non-destructively with floating text labels, which you can rotate/scale on the fly and display in any color. * Montage/register/stitch/blend images manually with transparencies, semiautomatically, or fully automatically within and across sections, with translation, rigid, similarity and affine models with automatically extracted SIFT features. * Correct the lens distortion present in the images, like those generated in transmission electron microscopy. * Add alpha masks to images using ROIs, for example to split images in two or more parts, or to remove the borders of an image or collection of images. * Model neuronal arbors with 3D skeletons (with areas or radiuses), and synapses with connectors. * Undo all steps. And much more...
View all literature mentionsSoftware package as distribution of ImageJ and ImageJ2 together with Java, Java3D and plugins organized into coherent menu structure. Used to assist research in life sciences.
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View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets Bruchpilot
View all literature mentionsDrosophila melanogaster with name w[1118]; P{y[+t7.7] w[+mC]=UAS-GCaMP3.T}attP40 from BDSC.
View all literature mentionsDrosophila melanogaster with name y[1] w[1118]; P{w[+mW.hs]=GawB}GH146 from BDSC.
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets Bruchpilot
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View all literature mentionsDrosophila melanogaster with name w[*]; P{w[+mC]=Or22a-GAL4.7.717}14.2 from BDSC.
View all literature mentionsDrosophila melanogaster with name w[*]; P{w[+mC]=Orco-GAL4.W}11.17; TM2/TM6B, Tb[1] from BDSC.
View all literature mentionsAn ImageJ plugin for morphological data mining, three-dimensional modeling and image stitching, registration, editing and annotation. Two independent modalities exist: either XML-based projects, working directly with the file system, or database-based projects, working on top of a local or remote PostgreSQL database. What can you do with it? * Semantic segmentation editor: order segmentations in tree hierarchies, whose template is exportable for reuse in other, comparable projects. * Model, visualize and export 3D. * Work from your laptop on your huge, remote image storage. * Work with an endless number of images, limited only by the hard drive capacity. Dozens of formats supported thanks to LOCI Bioformats and ImageJ. * Import stacks and even entire grids (montages) of images, automatically stitch them together and homogenize their histograms for best montaging quality. * Add layers conveniently. A layer represents, for example, one 50 nm section (for TEM) or a confocal section. Each layer has its own Z coordinate and thickness, and contains images, labels, areas, nodes of 3d skeletons, profiles... * Insert layer sets into layers: so your electron microscopy serial sections can live inside your optical microscopy sections. * Run any ImageJ plugin on any image. * Measure everything: areas, volumes, pixel intensities, etc. using both built-in data structures and segmentation types, and standard ImageJ ROIs. And with double dissectors! * Visualize RGB color channels changing the opacity of each on the fly, non-destructively. * Annotate images non-destructively with floating text labels, which you can rotate/scale on the fly and display in any color. * Montage/register/stitch/blend images manually with transparencies, semiautomatically, or fully automatically within and across sections, with translation, rigid, similarity and affine models with automatically extracted SIFT features. * Correct the lens distortion present in the images, like those generated in transmission electron microscopy. * Add alpha masks to images using ROIs, for example to split images in two or more parts, or to remove the borders of an image or collection of images. * Model neuronal arbors with 3D skeletons (with areas or radiuses), and synapses with connectors. * Undo all steps. And much more...
View all literature mentionsSoftware package as distribution of ImageJ and ImageJ2 together with Java, Java3D and plugins organized into coherent menu structure. Used to assist research in life sciences.
View all literature mentionsSoftware tool for visualizing, manipulating, and understanding data from tomography, microscopy, MRI and other imaging processes.Used to import and export options, to processes 3D image filtering and DTI based fiber tracking to visualization, volume and surface rendering, author tools for virtual reality navigation, video generation, and more.
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP)
View all literature mentionsDrosophila melanogaster with name w[*]; P{w[+mC]=Or22a-GAL4.7.717}14.2 from BDSC.
View all literature mentionsDrosophila melanogaster with name w[*]; P{w[+mC]=Orco-GAL4.W}11.17; TM2/TM6B, Tb[1] from BDSC.
View all literature mentionsDrosophila melanogaster with name w[1118]; P{y[+t7.7] w[+mC]=UAS-GCaMP3.T}attP40 from BDSC.
View all literature mentionsDrosophila melanogaster with name y[1] w[1118]; P{w[+mW.hs]=GawB}GH146 from BDSC.
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