All living organisms require protein degradation to terminate biological processes and remove damaged proteins. One such machine is the 20S proteasome, a specialized barrel-shaped and compartmentalized multicatalytic protease. The activity of the 20S proteasome generally requires the binding of regulators/proteasome activators (PAs), which control the entrance of substrates. These include the PA700 (19S complex), which assembles with the 20S and forms the 26S proteasome and allows the efficient degradation of proteins usually labeled by ubiquitin tags, PA200 and PA28, which are involved in proteolysis through ubiquitin-independent mechanisms and PI31, which was initially identified as a 20S inhibitor in vitro. Unlike 20S proteasome, shown to be present in all Eukaryotes and Archaea, the evolutionary history of PAs remained fragmentary. Here, we made a comprehensive survey and phylogenetic analyses of the four types of regulators in 17 clades covering most of the eukaryotic supergroups. We found remarkable conservation of each PA700 subunit in all eukaryotes, indicating that the current complex PA700 structure was already set up in the last eukaryotic common ancestor (LECA). Also present in LECA, PA200, PA28, and PI31 showed a more contrasted evolutionary picture, because many lineages have subsequently lost one or two of them. The paramount conservation of PA700 composition in all eukaryotes and the dynamic evolution of PA200, PA28, and PI31 are discussed in the light of current knowledge on their physiological roles.
Pubmed ID: 25943340 RIS Download
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Collection of genome databases for vertebrates and other eukaryotic species with DNA and protein sequence search capabilities. Used to automatically annotate genome, integrate this annotation with other available biological data and make data publicly available via web. Ensembl tools include BLAST, BLAT, BioMart and the Variant Effect Predictor (VEP) for all supported species.
View all literature mentionsEuPathDB integrates numerous database resources and multiple data types. The phylum Apicomplexa comprises veterinary and medically important parasitic protozoa including human pathogenic species of genera Cryptosporidium, Plasmodium and Toxoplasma. ApiDB serves not only as database but unifies access to three major existing individual organism databases, PlasmoDB.org, ToxoDB.org and CryptoDB.org, and integrates these databases with data available from additional sources. Through ApiDB site, users may pose queries and search all available apicomplexan data and tools, or they may visit individual component organism databases. EuPathDB Bioinformatics Resource Center for Biodefense and Emerging/Re-emerging Infectious Diseases is a portal for accessing genomic-scale datasets associated with eukaryotic pathogens.
View all literature mentionsPortal providing access to all JGI genomic databases and analytical tools, sequencing projects and their status, search for and download assemblies and annotations of sequenced genomes, and interactively explore those genomes and compare them with other sequenced microbes, fungi, plants or metagenomes using specialized systems tailored to each particular class of organisms. The Department of Energy (DOE) Joint Genome Institute (JGI) is a national user facility with massive-scale DNA sequencing and analysis capabilities dedicated to advancing genomics for bioenergy and environmental applications. Beyond generating tens of trillions of DNA bases annually, the Institute develops and maintains data management systems and specialized analytical capabilities to manage and interpret complex genomic data sets, and to enable an expanding community of users around the world to analyze these data in different contexts over the web.
View all literature mentionsA graphical viewer of phylogenetic trees and a program for producing publication-ready figures. It is designed to display summarized and annotated trees produced by BEAST.
View all literature mentionsSoftware package for sequence alignment, assembly and analysis. Integrated and extendable desktop software platform for organization and analysis of sequence data. Bioinformatics software platform packed with molecular biology and sequence analysis tools.
View all literature mentionsTo explore the elephant shark genome, we have conducted a survey-sequencing and comparative analysis of the elephant shark genome in collaboration with J. Craig Venter Institute. The elephant shark sequences generated under this project have been deposited at GenBank under the project accession number AAVX01000000. The sequences can also be searched using BLAST and retrieved here. Cartilaginous fishes (Chondrichthyes) represented by sharks, rays, skates and chimaeras, are phylogenetically the oldest group of living jawed vertebrates. They constitute an important group for our understanding of the origins of the complex developmental and physiological systems of jawed vertebrates. They are also an useful outgroup for bony vertebrates such as tetrapods and teleost fishes and help in identifying specialized features that have led to the evolution of diverse groups of bony vertebrates. The elephant shark (Callorhinchus milii), also known as the elephant fish and ghost shark, is a chimaera belonging to the Order Chimaeriformes and Family Callorhynchidae. It has the smallest genome among the known cartilaginous fish genomes. Thus, it was proposed as a model cartilaginous fish genome for whole-genome sequencing and comparative analysis (Venkatesh et al. 2005. Curr. Biol. 15: R82-R83). The following resources of the elephant shark are available for the scientific community: *Elephant Shark 1.4x assembly fasta sequences zipped 227 megabytes *Genomic DNA *~8x coverage BAC library (average insert size, ~150 kb) *cDNA libraries (under construction) *cDNA (dated 11 April 2008) with orthologs in 5 vertebrates (human, opossum, chicken, frog, fugu)
View all literature mentionsVector graphics software to create digital graphics, illustrations, and typography for several types of media: print, web, interactive, video, and mobile.
View all literature mentionsSoftware package as multiple alignment program for amino acid or nucleotide sequences. Can align up to 500 sequences or maximum file size of 1 MB. First version of MAFFT used algorithm based on progressive alignment, in which sequences were clustered with help of Fast Fourier Transform. Subsequent versions have added other algorithms and modes of operation, including options for faster alignment of large numbers of sequences, higher accuracy alignments, alignment of non-coding RNA sequences, and addition of new sequences to existing alignments.
View all literature mentionsMultiple sequence alignment method with reduced time and space complexity.Multiple sequence alignment with high accuracy and high throughput. Data analysis service for multiple sequence comparison by log- expectation.
View all literature mentionsTHIS RESOURCE IS NO LONGER IN SERVICE.Documented on February 28,2023. Software program for Bayesian inference and model choice across a wide range of phylogenetic and evolutionary models.
View all literature mentionsWeb-based software used for the selection of best-fit models of protein evolution.
View all literature mentionsWeb phylogeny server based on the maximum-likelihood principle.
View all literature mentionsPortal providing access to all JGI genomic databases and analytical tools, sequencing projects and their status, search for and download assemblies and annotations of sequenced genomes, and interactively explore those genomes and compare them with other sequenced microbes, fungi, plants or metagenomes using specialized systems tailored to each particular class of organisms. The Department of Energy (DOE) Joint Genome Institute (JGI) is a national user facility with massive-scale DNA sequencing and analysis capabilities dedicated to advancing genomics for bioenergy and environmental applications. Beyond generating tens of trillions of DNA bases annually, the Institute develops and maintains data management systems and specialized analytical capabilities to manage and interpret complex genomic data sets, and to enable an expanding community of users around the world to analyze these data in different contexts over the web.
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