Skeletal muscle catabolism is a co-morbidity of many chronic diseases and is the result of systemic inflammation. Although direct inflammatory cytokine action on muscle promotes atrophy, nonmuscle sites of action for inflammatory mediators are less well described. We demonstrate that central nervous system (CNS)-delimited interleukin 1β (IL-1β) signaling alone can evoke a catabolic program in muscle, rapidly inducing atrophy. This effect is dependent on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activation, as CNS IL-1β-induced atrophy is abrogated by adrenalectomy. Furthermore, we identified a glucocorticoid-responsive gene expression pattern conserved in models of acute and chronic inflammatory muscle atrophy. In contrast with studies suggesting that the direct action of inflammatory cytokines on muscle is sufficient to induce catabolism, adrenalectomy also blocks the atrophy program in response to systemic inflammation, demonstrating that glucocorticoids are requisite for this process. Additionally, circulating levels of glucocorticoids equivalent to those produced under inflammatory conditions are sufficient to cause profound muscle wasting. Together, these data suggest that a significant component of inflammation-induced muscle catabolism occurs indirectly via a relay in the CNS.
Pubmed ID: 22084407 RIS Download
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Confocal microscopy can improve conventional fluorescence images by recording fluorescence generated from the focal plane within the sample, while rejecting all other light coming from above or below the focal plane. The efficient point-scan/pinhole-detection confocal optics of the FluoView systems virtually eliminate out of focus light to produce high-contrast images with superb resolution. The FluoView systems are fully integrated workstations that incorporate user-friendly image acquisition and image analysis software with high-resolution confocal optics that require no user alignment. An , Windows-based graphic user interface allows new users to quickly generate images in various scan modes, such as XY, XZ, XT, XYZ, XYT, and XYZT. Standard image formats, including TIFF and AVI, permit easy, direct export of FluoView images to off-line analysis packages. XY scanning is performed with a pair of galvanometric mirrors, yielding a wide scanning range to cover up to a field number of 20. The optical zoom (up to 10x magnification) can be performed by narrowing the scanning range while maintaining the maximum pixel resolution of up to 2048 x 2048 pixels.
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