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Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family ligands (GFLs) are potent survival factors for dopaminergic neurons and motoneurons with therapeutic potential for Parkinson's disease. Soluble GFLs bind to a ligand-specific glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored coreceptor (GDNF family receptor α) and signal through the receptor tyrosine kinase RET. In this paper, we show that all immobilized matrix-bound GFLs, except persephin, use a fundamentally different receptor. They interact with syndecan-3, a transmembrane heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycan, by binding to its HS chains with high affinity. GFL-syndecan-3 interaction mediates both cell spreading and neurite outgrowth with the involvement of Src kinase activation. GDNF promotes migration of cortical neurons in a syndecan-3-dependent manner, and in agreement, mice lacking syndecan-3 or GDNF have a reduced number of cortical γ-aminobutyric acid-releasing neurons, suggesting a central role for the two molecules in cortical development. Collectively, syndecan-3 may directly transduce GFL signals or serve as a coreceptor, presenting GFLs to the signaling receptor RET.
Pubmed ID: 21200028 RIS Download
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NEURON is a simulation environment for modeling individual neurons and networks of neurons. It provides tools for conveniently building, managing, and using models in a way that is numerically sound and computationally efficient. It is particularly well-suited to problems that are closely linked to experimental data, especially those that involve cells with complex anatomical and biophysical properties. NEURON has benefited from judicious revision and selective enhancement, guided by feedback from the growing number of neuroscientists who have used it to incorporate empirically-based modeling into their research strategies. NEURON's computational engine employs special algorithms that achieve high efficiency by exploiting the structure of the equations that describe neuronal properties. It has functions that are tailored for conveniently controlling simulations, and presenting the results of real neurophysiological problems graphically in ways that are quickly and intuitively grasped. Instead of forcing users to reformulate their conceptual models to fit the requirements of a general purpose simulator, NEURON is designed to let them deal directly with familiar neuroscience concepts. Consequently, users can think in terms of the biophysical properties of membrane and cytoplasm, the branched architecture of neurons, and the effects of synaptic communication between cells. * helps users focus on important biological issues rather than purely computational concerns * has a convenient user interface * has a user-extendable library of biophysical mechanisms * has many enhancements for efficient network modeling * offers customizable initialization and simulation flow control * is widely used in neuroscience research by experimentalists and theoreticians * is well-documented and actively supported * is free, open source, and runs on (almost) everything
View all literature mentionsA portal to educate, engage and create an online community. The Fisher Center for Alzheimer''s Research Foundation, founded in 1995, was created in answer to the recommendations of three U.S. Senate commissioned symposia held in the 1990s by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to gather information on the cause, care and cure of Alzheimer''s disease. The Fisher Center was created following this design. The funding initiatives of the Foundation are appropriated accordingly to the three areas cited by the NIH task force cause, care and cure. The primary resources of the Foundation are directed toward scientific research into the cause and hopefully the cure of Alzheimer''s disease. To this end, the Foundation under the direction of its founder, Zachary Fisher, and in collaboration with David Rockefeller, constructed the Fisher Center for Alzheimer''s Disease Research at The Rockefeller University, headed by 2000 Nobel Prize winner, Paul Greengard, Ph.D. The 10,000 square foot laboratory is the most advanced facility of its kind in the country equipped with the latest in equipment necessary to undertake an interdisciplinary assault on this disease. The Fisher Center also has collaborative programs at the University of Genoa and supports the work of well over 60 scientists and researchers across the United States and in 17 foreign countries. The Foundation also funds projects for the care of people with Alzheimer''s disease and their caregivers. The Fisher Alzheimer''s Disease Education and Resources Program at the New York University School of Medicine was established under the direction of Barry Reisberg, M.D., internationally known expert in the care of Alzheimer''s patients. The Foundations Alzheimer''s Information Program was created in 2001 to answer the primary need of caregivers for comprehensive, easily accessible information. Our goals are to: Understand the Cause of Alzheimer''s To find a Cure for this devastating disease Improve the Care of people living with the disease to enhance their quality of life and that of their caregivers and families About Our Research Beating Back Beta Amyloid Improving the Quality of Life for Alzheimers Patients Reversing Nerve Cell Damage Using Hormones to Slow the Progress of Disease Curing Early-Onset Alzheimers The Science of Caregiving Scientific Studies
View all literature mentionsCell line HEK293T is a Transformed cell line with a species of origin Homo sapiens (Human)
View all literature mentionsCell line Neuro-2a is a Cancer cell line with a species of origin Mus musculus
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